Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease.

@article{Berisha2007RetinalAI,
  title={Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease.},
  author={Fatmire Berisha and Gilbert T. Feke and Clement L. Trempe and J Wallace Mcmeel and Charles L. Schepens},
  journal={Investigative ophthalmology \& visual science},
  year={2007},
  volume={48 5},
  pages={
          2285-9
        }
}
PURPOSE There is evidence suggesting that visual disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are due to pathologic changes in the retina and optic nerve, as well as to higher cortical impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retinal hemodynamic parameters and to characterize patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss in patients with early AD. METHODS Nine patients with mild to moderate probable AD (mean Mini Mental State Examination score 24 of a possible 30… 
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TLDR
The first changes in the mild AD patients appear in the psychophysical tests and in thecentral macula with a decrease in the central retinal thickness, and the presence of AD is best indicated based on contrast sensitivity.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Alzheimer’s Disease
TLDR
Evidence suggests that RNFL thickness reduction is related to neuronal degeneration in the ganglion cell layer and not to a retrograde degeneration from the post-chiasmatic visual pathway, and suggests a possible role of OCT in monitoring the progression of AD and in assessing the effectiveness of purported AD treatments.
Retinal structural changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease
TLDR
The findings confirm the reports of changes in the retinal structure in patients with mild or moderate AD, particularly, the decreased GCC thickness and increased GCC FLV and GLV.
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References

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TLDR
This study confirms some other studies in showing that in AD patients there is a reduction of parapapillary and macular RNFL thickness and Macular volume as measured by OCT, and this reduction was related to the severity of cognitive impairment.
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TLDR
Although these findings add to the clinical and histopathological evidence that ganglion cell degeneration occurs in Alzheimer's disease, the difficulty in obtaining and evaluating retinal nerve fiber layer photographs, especially in advanced cases, may limit the clinical usefulness of retinal nerves fiber layer analysis in such patients.
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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