Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males

@article{Nair2008ReproducibilityOE,
  title={Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males},
  author={Nivasinee S. Nair and Ixchel M. Brennan and Tanya J. Little and Diana Gentilcore and Trygve Hausken and Karen L Jones and Judith M. Wishart and Michael Horowitz and Christine Feinle-Bisset},
  journal={British Journal of Nutrition},
  year={2008},
  volume={101},
  pages={1094 - 1102}
}
Gastric emptying, as well as intragastric meal distribution, and gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), play an important role in appetite regulation. The evaluation of gastrointestinal factors regulating food intake is commonly performed in healthy, lean, young male participants. It has, however, been suggested that there is a marked interindividual variability in the effects of nutrient ‘preloads’ on energy intake in this group. Whether there is significant… 
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Effects of L-Phenylalanine on Energy Intake and Glycaemia—Impacts on Appetite Perceptions, Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gastric Emptying in Healthy Males
TLDR
Observations indicate that the energy intake-suppressant effect of phenylalanine is related to the stimulation of CCK and PYY, while the glucoregulatory effect may be independent of stimulation of plasma GLP-1 or slowing of gastric emptying.
Effects of Intragastric Administration of Tryptophan on the Blood Glucose Response to a Nutrient Drink and Energy Intake, in Lean and Obese Men
TLDR
In obese individuals, intragastrically administered tryptophan may reduce postprandial blood glucose by slowing gastric emptying; the lack of effect on mean energy intake requires further investigation.
Acute load-dependent effects of oral whey protein on gastric emptying, gut hormone release, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men.
TLDR
It is indicated that, in healthy lean men, the rate of gastric emptying of whey protein is independent of load and determines the initial gastrointestinal hormone response.
Intragastric administration of the bitter tastant, quinine, lowers the glycemic response to a nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying, in healthy men.
TLDR
In healthy men, intragastric quinine reduces postprandial blood glucose and stimulates insulin and GLP-1, but does not slow gastric emptying, or reduce energy intake, under the authors' experimental conditions.
Plasma Free Amino Acid Responses to Whey Protein and Their Relationships with Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose- and Appetite-Regulatory Hormones and Energy Intake in Lean Healthy Men
TLDR
There is a strong relationship between gluco-regulatory hormones with a number of (predominantly essential) AAs, however, the factors mediating the effects of protein on blood glucose and energy intake are likely to be multifactorial.
Effects of acute dietary restriction on gut motor, hormone and energy intake responses to duodenal fat in obese men
TLDR
In obese males, the effects of small-intestinal lipid on gastrointestinal motility and some hormone responses and appetite are enhanced after a 4-day very-low-calorie diet (VLCD).
Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women.
TLDR
In healthy women, in healthy women gastric emptying of glucose is slower, and glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, hunger, and energy intake are less during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; 2) energy intake, glyCEmia, and plasma GLPs, insulin, and insulin are related to gastric emptied; and 3) these parameters are reproducible when assessed twice within a particular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Intragastric Lysine Lowers the Circulating Glucose and Insulin Responses to a Mixed-Nutrient Drink without Slowing Gastric Emptying in Healthy Adults.
TLDR
In healthy adults, lysine slightly reduced the glycemic response to an oral mixed-macronutrient drink, an effect that was apparently independent of insulin or slowing of gastric emptying.
Comparative effects of intraduodenal whey protein hydrolysate on antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormones, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in lean and obese men.
TLDR
The gastrointestinal effects of hydrolyzed whey protein remain relatively intact in obesity; however, the observed changes in insulin and GIP suggest early disturbances in the insulin-incretin axis.
Acute Effects of Lixisenatide on Energy Intake in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Relationship to Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Distribution
TLDR
In healthy and T2D participants, the reduction in EI by lixisenatide is unrelated to changes in GE/intragastric distribution, consistent with a centrally mediated effect.
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