Relaxation of diaphragm muscle.

@article{Coirault1999RelaxationOD,
  title={Relaxation of diaphragm muscle.},
  author={Catherine Coirault and Denis Chemla and Yves Lecarpentier},
  journal={Journal of applied physiology},
  year={1999},
  volume={87 4},
  pages={
          1243-52
        }
}
Relaxation is the process by which, after contraction, the muscle actively returns to its initial conditions of length and load. In rhythmically active muscles such as diaphragm, relaxation is of physiological importance because diaphragm must return to a relatively constant resting position at the end of each contraction-relaxation cycle. Rapid and complete relaxation of the diaphragm is likely to play an important role in adaptation to changes in respiratory load and breathing frequency… 
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Effects of postnatal maturation on energetics and cross-bridge properties in rat diaphragm.
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It appears that there are few species differences in the postnatal maturation process of the diaphragm in the rat and previous study in the hamster, and there was a significant increase in the total number of CBs per cross-sectional area with aging but not in single CB force.
Effects of halothane and isoflurane on the contraction, relaxation and energetics of rat diaphragmatic muscle.
TLDR
Halothane and isoflurane induced very moderate inotropic and lusitropic effects, suggesting that the decrease in diaphragm function observed in vivo is not related to a direct effect on diaphagmatic contractility.
Slowed relaxation of diaphragm in septic rats is associated with reduced expression of sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum CA2+‐ATPase genes SERCA1 and SERCA2
TLDR
Slowed relaxation of the diaphragm in septic rats was associated with reduced expression of SERCA1 and SERCA2.
The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha2-subunit isoform modulates contractility in the perinatal mouse diaphragm.
TLDR
Results demonstrate that the Na(+-K(+)-ATPase alpha1-isoform alone is able to maintain equilibrium K+ and Na+ gradients and to substitute for alpha2-iso Form in most cellular functions related to excitability and force.
Dependence of cyclopiazonic-acid-induced muscle contractures on extracellular Ca2+.
TLDR
The results suggest that the bimodal contracture induced by CPA is mediated by the recruitment of distinct Mn2+- and U73122-sensitive Ca2+ entries, which might merge if the muscle preparation was preconditioned with CPA in Ca2-free medium to deplete cellular Ca2 + stores.
Ventilation and respiratory mechanics.
TLDR
Recent evidence concerning how exercise hyperpnea influences sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow is reviewed and the effect this might have on the ability to perform muscular work is reviewed.
Functional properties of the native type 3 ryanodine receptor Ca2+-release channel from canine diaphragm.
TLDR
Evidence is provided that one form of the diaphragm SR Ca2+-release channels may be classified as RyR3, with gating properties different from those of the well-characterized RyR1 and RyR2 isoforms.
Influence of environmental temperature on exercise-induced inspiratory muscle fatigue
TLDR
In conclusion, heavy sustained exercise in the heat impaired subsequent time-trial performance but did not exacerbate inspiratory muscle fatigue in endurance-trained subjects.
Tissue Doppler Imaging of the Diaphragm in Healthy Subjects and Critically Ill Patients
TLDR
Diaphragmatic TDI-derived parameters differentiate patients who fail a weaning trial from those who succeed and correlate well with Pdi- derived parameters, which allows real-time assessment of the diaphragm tissue motion velocity.
The Phenomenon of Refusal in Muscular Activity. The Role of the Respiratory System
Among the factors leading to the refusal to continue muscular work, afferent impulsation carrying information about the efforts developed by the working muscles and about the respiratory function…
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References

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TLDR
In adult rat diaphragm, as in cardiac muscle, the load sensitivity of relaxation requires a well-functioning SR and that the relaxation abnormalities observed in fatigued diaphagm are related to a dysfunction of the SR.
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TLDR
It is concluded that during isometric diaphragmatic contractions, diaphagmatic blood flow may become mechanically impeded, and the magnitude of the impediment in blood flow depends on the pattern of diaphrageic contractions.
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TLDR
Findings confirm previously reported fiber-type specific depression in the initial rate and maximum capacity of Ca2+ uptake and altered ATPase activity after exercise and alterations in SR function could not be attributed to disrupted vesicles or differential contamination in the SR from exercise groups and were reinforced by similar changes in Ca2- uptake in crude muscle homogenates.
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TLDR
In muscle isometrically relaxing at initial muscle length, peak isometric relaxation rate was mainly determined by afterload and was highly dependent on the level of activation and was independent of preload and afterload, whereas in muscle isometric relaxed at end-shortening length, the rate of tension decay differed markedly depending on stimulation conditions.
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TLDR
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TLDR
This work has shown that even with large loads, where the isotonic shortening is much less, mechanical activity has apparently ended at a time when the isometrically contracting muscle is still capable of bearing a considerable tension.
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TLDR
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TLDR
It is seen that the overall time pattern of pressure fall in contrast to rapid filling may sometimes be markedly altered, and variations in the degree of nonuniformity, however small, constitute an important physiological modulator of performance throughout systole and diastole.
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TLDR
Data indicate that relaxation of the diaphragm was both slowed and prolonged in myopathic Syrian hamsters, and at low-to-medium loads, SLs at the onset of tension decline were greater in myopathy.
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