Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi.

@article{Kublin2003ReemergenceOC,
  title={Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi.},
  author={James G. Kublin and Joseph F. Cortese and Eric M. Njunju and Rabia A G Mukadam and JackJ. Wirima and Peter N Kazembe and Abdoulaye A. Djimde and Bour{\'e}ma Kouriba and Terrie E. Taylor and Christopher V. Plowe},
  journal={The Journal of infectious diseases},
  year={2003},
  volume={187 12},
  pages={
          1870-5
        }
}
In 1993, Malawi became the first African country to replace chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine nationwide in response to high rates of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. To determine whether withdrawal of chloroquine can lead to the reemergence of chloroquine sensitivity, the prevalence of the pfcrt 76T molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria was retrospectively measured in Blantyre, Malawi. The prevalence of the chloroquine-resistant pfcrt… 
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Return of chloroquine-susceptible falciparum malaria in Malawi was a reexpansion of diverse susceptible parasites.
TLDR
Chloroquine-susceptible parasites that predominate in Malawi likely represent a reexpansion of the susceptible parasites that survived in the population despite widespread drug pressure in the region.
Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi.
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Chloroquine is again an efficacious treatment for malaria, 12 years after it was withdrawn from use in Malawi.
The return of chloroquine-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zambia
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Chloroquine may have a role for malaria prevention or treatment in Zambia and throughout the region in the future and within a decade of the removal of drug pressure, the molecular marker of chloroquine-resistant malaria had disappeared and the drug was shown to have excellent clinical efficacy.
Towards a re-emergence of chloroquine sensitivity in Côte d’Ivoire?
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More than a decade after the discontinuation of the use of chloroquine in Côte d’Ivoire, the proportion of parasites sensitive to this anti-malarial drug seems to increase in Anonkoua-kouté, Port-bouët and Ayamé.
Lack of significant recovery of chloroquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum parasites following discontinuance of chloroquine use in Papua New Guinea
TLDR
Eight years of chloroquine withdrawal has not induced a significant recovery of susceptibility in Papua New Guinea, however, an increasing tendency of parasites harbouring chlorquine-susceptible K76 suggests a possibility of resurgence ofchloroquine susceptibility in the future.
Persistence of chloroquine-resistant haplotypes of Plasmodium falciparum in children with uncomplicated Malaria in Lagos, Nigeria, four years after change of chloroquine as first-line antimalarial medicine
TLDR
There is need to strengthen current case management efforts at promoting ACT use as well as urgently restricting access to chloroquine by the National drug regulatory agency, National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC).
Patterns of chloroquine use and resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of household survey and molecular data
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It is demonstrated that in 2006-2007, chloroquine and SP continued to be used at high rates in many African countries and that persistent chloroquin-resistant malaria persists, suggesting that there is continuing use of ineffective anti-malarials in Africa.
Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive pfcrt K76 Plasmodium falciparum genotype in southeastern Cameroon
TLDR
Even though the proportion of chloroquine-sensitive parasites seems to be increasing in southeastern Cameroon, a reintroduction ofchloroquine cannot be recommended at present and the current national anti-malarial drug policy should be implemented and reinforced to combat drug-resistant malaria.
Chloroquine resistance status a decade after: Re-emergence of sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains in malaria endemic and epidemic areas in Kenya
TLDR
There is a significant change in the proportions of the resistant genotypes in the endemic areas while in the epidemics, there was also a noticeable shift though not significant, which indicates a slow but steady re-emergence of P. falciparum CQ sensitive strains in the country.
Protecting the malaria drug arsenal: halting the rise and spread of amodiaquine resistance by monitoring the PfCRT SVMNT type
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The finding of a second site in Africa with high incidence of the pfcrt haplotype SVMNT represents a threat to the rise and spread of amodiaquine resistance and it is paramount to monitor pfCrt haplotypes in every country currently using amodIAquine and to re-evaluate current combination therapies in areas where S VMNT type parasites are prevalent.
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