Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for mitochondrial biogenesis.

@article{Bartlett2013ReducedCA,
  title={Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for mitochondrial biogenesis.},
  author={Jonathan D. Bartlett and Jari Louhelainen and Zafar Iqbal and Andrew J.R. Cochran and Martin J. Gibala and Warren Gregson and Graeme L. Close and Barry Drust and James P. Morton},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology},
  year={2013},
  volume={304 6},
  pages={
          R450-8
        }
}
The mechanisms that regulate the enhanced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity observed when training with reduced carbohydrate (CHO) availability are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that reduced CHO availability enhances p53 signaling and expression of genes associated with regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and substrate utilization in human skeletal muscle. In a repeated-measures design, muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained from eight… 

Figures and Tables from this paper

Acute Endurance Exercise Induces Nuclear p53 Abundance in Human Skeletal Muscle

The selective increase in nuclear p53 abundance following endurance exercise suggests a potential pro-autophagy response to remove damaged proteins and organelles prior to initiating mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling responses in untrained individuals.

Ramping up the signal: promoting endurance training adaptation in skeletal muscle by nutritional manipulation

Commencing endurance‐based exercise with low muscle glycogen availability results in greater activation of many of these signalling proteins compared with when the same exercise is undertaken with normal glycogen concentration, suggesting that nutrient availability is a potent signal that can modulate the acute cellular responses to a single bout of exercise.

NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL CONTENT AND FUNCTION

KEY POINTS • Training-induced increases in mitochondrial content improve exercise tolerance by attenuating rises in cytosolic free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentrations. • Nutritional approaches

Sprint-interval but not continuous exercise increases PGC-1α protein content and p53 phosphorylation in nuclear fractions of human skeletal muscle

Increased nuclear p53 phosphorylation and PGC-1α protein content immediately following SIE but not CE suggests these may represent important early molecular events in the exercise-induced response to exercise, and that SIE is a time-efficient and possibly superior option to promote these adaptations.

A systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial genes is not present in the initial postexercise recovery period in human skeletal muscle.

The lack of observed systematic upregulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes suggests that exercise-induced up regulation of PGC-1α targets are differentially regulated during the initial hours following acute exercise in humans.

Carbohydrate restriction following strenuous glycogen-depleting exercise does not potentiate the acute molecular response associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle

CHO restriction after a glycogen-depleting and metabolically-demanding cycling session is not effective for increasing the acute mRNA levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in human skeletal muscle.

Human skeletal muscle methylome after low carbohydrate energy balanced exercise

Hypomethylation within the promoter regions of genes: HDAC2, MECR, IGF2 and c13orf16 were associated with significant increases in gene expression in the post-exercise period in energy balance compared with energy deficit, identifying some novel epigenetically regulated genes associated with train-low sleep-low paradigms.

Exercise twice-a-day potentiates skeletal muscle signalling responses associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in humans, which are independent of lowered muscle glycogen content

The results suggest that the elevated molecular signalling reported with previous “train-low” approaches can be attributed to performing two exercise sessions in close proximity rather than the reduced muscle glycogen content per se, and suggest the twice-a-day approach might be an effective strategy to induce adaptations related to mitochondrial biogenesis and fat oxidation.

Training intensity modulates changes in PGC‐1α and p53 protein content and mitochondrial respiration, but not markers of mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle

It is suggested that training intensity is an important factor that regulates training‐induced changes in mitochondrial respiration and that there is an apparent dissociation between training‐ induced changes in mitochondria respirationand mitochondrial content.

Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations

An overview of the regulatory control of CHO metabolism during exercise is presented (with a specific emphasis on muscle glycogen utilization) in order to discuss the effects of both high and low CHO availability on modulating exercise performance and training adaptations, respectively.
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 66 REFERENCES

Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced alterations in metabolic gene expression.

Glucose ingestion attenuated the exercise-induced increase in PDK-4 and UCP3 mRNA and PGC-1 mRNA, suggesting that glucose availability can modulate the effect of exercise on metabolic gene expression.

Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle.

Data provide the first evidence that in whole body exercise conditions, carbohydrate availability appears to have no modulating effect on training-induced increases of the HSP content of skeletal muscle.

An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.

Findings support the hypothesis that an acute bout of low-volume HIT activates mitochondrial biogenesis through a mechanism involving increased nuclear abundance of PGC-1α.

Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate restoration increases AMPK activity in skeletal muscle from trained humans.

It is demonstrated that AM PK-alpha1 and AMPK-alpha2 activity and fuel selection in skeletal muscle in response to exercise can be manipulated by diet and/or the interactive effects of diet and exercise training.

Intensified exercise training does not alter AMPK signaling in human skeletal muscle.

It is indicated that, in well-trained individuals, short-term HIT improves metabolic control but does not blunt AMPK signaling in response to intense exercise.

Role of p53 in mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis in skeletal muscle.

A novel role for p53 in maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptosis, and performance in skeletal muscle is illustrated by observing diminished mitochondrial content in mixed muscle and lowered peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator (PGC)-1alpha protein levels in gastrocnemius muscle.

p53 Improves Aerobic Exercise Capacity and Augments Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial DNA Content

The current findings indicate that p53 promotes aerobic metabolism and exercise capacity by using different mitochondrial genes and mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner.

Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans.

Evidence is provided that p38 MAPK is a nutrient-sensitive signaling molecule that could be involved in the altered skeletal muscle adaptive response reported after exercise training under conditions of restricted CHO intake, but further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.

Human skeletal muscle PDH kinase activity and isoform expression during a 3-day high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet.

The results suggest that the continuing increase in PDK activity over the 3-day HF/LC diet is not due to increasing PDK protein beyond 1 day, and could be due to the contribution of another isoform to the totalPDK activity or to a continual increase inPDK4 or PDK2 specific activity.

Influence of pre‐exercise muscle glycogen content on exercise‐induced transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes

Low muscle glycogen content enhances the transcriptional activation of some metabolic genes in response to exercise, raising the possibility that signalling mechanisms sensitive to glycogencontent and/or FFA availability may be linked to the transcriptionAL control of exercise‐responsive genes.
...