Race Times for Transgender Athletes

@inproceedings{Harper2015RaceTF,
  title={Race Times for Transgender Athletes},
  author={Joanna Harper},
  year={2015}
}
In recent years, organizations such as the International Olympic Committee have created regulations to allow those athletes who have undergone gender reassignment to compete in their chosen gender. Despite these rules, there is still a widespread belief that transgender female athletes have an inherent advantage over 46,XX female competitors. Until now, there has not been any published data, based on performances of transgender athletes, to either support or refute this belief. There are two… 
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Beyond Fairness: The Biology of Inclusion for Transgender and Intersex Athletes.
In November 2015, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) reached a consensus on “Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism” allowing transgender athletes to compete after one year of hormone…
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There does not seem to be any reason to expect advantage for Transgender people prior to puberty of or for transgender people whose gender-affirming treatment begins at the onset of puberty, and the existing literature suggests that treatment to lower testosterone may be sufficient to erase that advantage in at least some athletic activities.
The Fluidity of Gender and Implications for the Biology of Inclusion for Transgender and Intersex Athletes.
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Comment on: “Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies”
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A more nuanced argument is needed to understand the inclusion policies aimed at this special population of transgender females, as there is evidence to the contrary that transgender females have no athletic advantage at any stage of transitioning when competing against cisgendered females.
The Chance to Be Champions: Discrediting the Myth That Transgender Athletes Are Not Damaging to Women’s Sports
Have you ever stopped to consider whether unfair competition in sports can be a form of discrimination? The federal case Soule v. Connecticut Association of Schools grapples with this very question.…
Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage
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It is reported that the performance gap between males and females becomes significant at puberty and often amounts to 10–50% depending on sport, and is more pronounced in sporting activities relying on muscle mass and explosive strength, particularly in the upper body.
Transgender Women in The Female Category of Sport: Is the Male Performance Advantage Removed by Testosterone Suppression?
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Current evidence shows that the biological advantage enjoyed by transgender women is only minimally reduced when testosterone is suppressed, and sports organizations may be compelled to reassess current policies regarding participation of transgender women in the female category of sport.
Implications of a Third Gender for Elite Sports.
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For this perspective, issues raised by intersex and transgender athletes in women’s sport are focused on because it is generally assumed that transitioning from a woman to a man would not confer a similar competitive advantage.
Gender determination in sport
Many sports distinguish between female and male disciplines. The key reason for such division stems from the physiological characteristics that might give men the advantage over women in specific…
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In this paper, we examine the scientific, legal, and ethical foundations for inclusion of transgender women athletes in competitive sport, drawing on IOC principles and relevant Court of Arbitration…
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