Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages.

@article{Gu2008PycnogenolAE,
  title={Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages.},
  author={Jian-Qiu Gu and Shoichiro Ikuyama and Ping Wei and Bin Fan and Junnichi Oyama and Toyoshi Inoguchi and Junji Nishimura},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},
  year={2008},
  volume={295 6},
  pages={
          E1390-400
        }
}
Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) is highly expressed in macrophages and human atherosclerotic lesions. We demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated signals, which are involved in atherosclerosis formation, enhanced the expression of ADRP in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced the ADRP expression in RAW264.7 cells or peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice, but not in macrophages from TLR4-deficient mice. Actinomycin D almost completely abolished the LPS… 
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Adipophilin Involved in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Cell via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Pathway.
TLDR
LPS can promote the expression of adipophilin through ERK1/2-PPARγ pathway, whereby it enhances the secretion levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6.
Pycnogenol Reduces Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Atherosclerosis Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
TLDR
Pycnogenol administration effectively attenuates atherosclerosis through the TLR4-JNK pathway and suggests that PYC could be a potential prophylaxis or treatment for Atherosclerosis in humans.
A Toll-like receptor 9-mediated pathway stimulates perilipin 3 (TIP47) expression and induces lipid accumulation in macrophages.
TLDR
It is demonstrated that the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated pathway stimulates perilipin 3 expression and accumulation of lipids, especially triglycerides, in macrophages and suggests that perilip in 3 is involved mainly in triglyceride accumulation.
Pycnogenol Attenuates the Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Expression of Perilipin 2 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia in Part via Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 Activation
TLDR
It is concluded that pycnogenol exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of the NF-κB and AP-1pathway, and may be useful as a therapeutic agent in the prevention of diseases caused by over activation of microglia.
Oleic acid-induced ADRP expression requires both AP-1 and PPAR response elements, and is reduced by Pycnogenol through mRNA degradation in NMuLi liver cells.
TLDR
The results indicate that the effect of OA onADRP expression requires AP-1 as well as PPRE, and PYC suppresses the ADRP expression in part by facilitating mRNA degradation.
Oleic acid-induced perilipin 5 expression and lipid droplets formation are regulated by the PI3K/PPARα pathway in HepG2 cells.
TLDR
It is concluded that PI3K may, at least in part, act upstream of PPARα to regulate Plin5 expression and lipid droplets formation in HepG2 cells.
DBZ Blocks LPS-induced Monocyte Activation and Foam Cell Formation via Inhibiting Nuclear Factor-ĸB
TLDR
It is demonstrated that Danshensu Bingpian Zhi has potentials on anti-atherosclerosis by suppressing monocyte activation and foam cell formation.
Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent Immunomodulatory Activity of Pycnogenol®
TLDR
The results suggest that metabolized PYC acts as a partial agonist of TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 in the presence of the microbiota-derived TLR agonists and that it possesses anti-inflammatory potential reflected by the induction of IL-10 from THP-1 macrophages (dialysate fraction).
Pycnogenol attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism through the TLR4–NF-κB pathway
TLDR
Results provide insight into the ability of PYC to attenuate bacterial infection-triggered pathological processes associated with atherosclerosis and suggest PYC may be a potential lead compound for the future development of antiatherosclerotic CVD therapy.
Dynamics and regulation of lipid droplet formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia.
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