Professor's little helper

@article{Sahakian2007ProfessorsLH,
  title={Professor's little helper},
  author={Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir},
  journal={Nature},
  year={2007},
  volume={450},
  pages={1157-1159}
}
The use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by both ill and healthy individuals raises ethical questions that should not be ignored, argue Barbara Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir. The idea that a drug or potion can enhance cognitive performance is not new — strong coffee to stave off sleep, something stronger to stimulate creativity. What is new is the array of drugs, developed to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, behavioural problems and brain injury, that can boost brainpower in a healthy… 
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Some of the evidence in both neuropsychiatric and healthy individuals is reviewed and the implications such research can have for society are discussed.
Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement
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Findings from qualitative research with nonmedical users indicate that stimulants’ effects on users’ emotions and feelings are an important contributor toUsers’ perceptions of improved academic performance.
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement: treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and lifestyle use by healthy people.
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The increasing use of cognitive enhancers by healthy individuals raises safety, ethical and regulatory concerns, which should not be ignored, and understanding the short‐ and long‐term consequences of the use of NPS could promote more effective prevention and harm reduction measures.
Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Compensation for Cognitive Deficits or a Question of Personality?
TLDR
The assumption that PCE use will soon become epidemic is not supported by the present findings as PCE users showed a highly specific personality profile that shares a number of features with illegal stimulant users.
The Ethics of Neuroenhancement: Smart Drugs, Competition and Society
TLDR
The authors draw on an 'Ethics of Constraint' framework, arguing that widespread off-label use of smart drugs bears the risk of negative neural/behavioral consequences for the individual that might, in the long run, be accompanied by changing social value orientations for the worse.
Performance enhancement in the workplace: why and when healthy individuals should disclose their reliance on pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers
TLDR
It is maintained that PCE present typical, or at least not rare, properties and the issue of fairness due to “unenhanced” people as well as the potentially dysfunctional social consequences of an undisclosed PCE use are considered.
Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind.
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