Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle.

@article{Begum2005PhysiologicalRO,
  title={Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle.},
  author={Gulshanara Begum and Adam Cunliffe and Michael D Leveritt},
  journal={International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism},
  year={2005},
  volume={15 5},
  pages={
          493-514
        }
}
High-intensity exercise leads to reductions in muscle substrates (ATP, PCr6, and glycogen) and a subsequent accumulation of metabolites (ADP, P, H(+), and Mg(+)) with a possible increase in free radical production. These factors independently and collectively have deleterious effects on muscle, with significant repercussions on high-intensity performance or training sessions. The effect of carnosine on overcoming muscle fatigue appears to be related to its ability to buffer the increased H… 
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Interestingly, muscle carnosine loading leads to improved performance in high-intensity exercise in both untrained and trained individuals, which suggests an important role of the dipeptide in the homeostasis of contracting muscle cells, especially during high rates of anaerobic energy delivery.

Effects of Beta-Alanine on Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance:A Review of the Current Literature

The theoretical rationale and potential ergogenic value of β-ALA supplementation with or without creatine monohydrate is overviewed as well as future research recommendations are provided.

The Acute Administration of Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Performance and has No Effect on the Metabolic Response to Exercise

Investigation of the acute effects of carnosine ingestion on anaerobic intermittent per- formance and the responses of blood insulin, glucose, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations to exercise found no significant difference and it is not clear whether these results may be attributed to an insufficient dose of Carnivaline or to a lack of acute effect per se.

Effects of Acute Carnosine and β-Alanine on Isometric Force and Jumping Performance.

Ingesting Carn-BA before exercise induced positive effects on MVC and CMJ after the fatiguing protocol and improved CMJ performance during the 45-s continuous jumping effort, even when acutely supplemented.

Effects of Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Ingestion on Anaerobic Sprint Performance and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Interleukin-6 and -10 Gene Expression

It is suggested that acute administration of carnosine + β-alanine does not influence the cytokine response to exercise but might have a very small enhancing effect on anaerobic sprint performance.

Chicken breast attenuates high-intensity-exercise-induced decrease in rat sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling.

The results suggest that dietary CBEX might attenuate deteriorations in SR Ca2+-handling ability that occur with high-intensity exercise, and confirm that high- intensity exercise depresses SR Ca 2+ handling.

β-Alanine supplementation reduces acidosis but not oxygen uptake response during high-intensity cycling exercise

Results indicate that chronic β-alanine supplementation, which presumably increased muscle carnosine content, can attenuate the fall in blood pH during high-intensity exercise.

Regulation of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism: A primary mechanism of cytoprotection provided by carnosine

It was found that concentrations between 0.01-20 mM of this peptide preserved mitochondrial indices of functionality in a Ca2+ overloaded environment, which represents regulation of mitochondrial function as a primary mechanism for the protective properties of carnosine.

Acute Citrulline-Malate Supplementation and High-Intensity Cycling Performance

It is demonstrated that acute supplementation of 12 g CM does not provide acute ergogenic benefits using the protocol implemented in this study in well-trained males.

Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscle carnosine, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active females

Background Early research with beta-alanine (b-ALA) supplementation has shown increases in muscle carnosine as well as improvements in body composition, exercise performance and blood lactate levels.…
...

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