Physical activity, and physical activity related to sports, leisure and occupational activity as risk factors for ALS: A systematic review

@article{Lacorte2016PhysicalAA,
  title={Physical activity, and physical activity related to sports, leisure and occupational activity as risk factors for ALS: A systematic review},
  author={Eleonora Lacorte and Luigina Ferrigno and Emanuele Leoncini and Massimo Corbo and Stefania Boccia and Nicola Vanacore},
  journal={Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
  year={2016},
  volume={66},
  pages={61-79}
}
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered a multifactorial, multisystem neurodegenerative disease due to an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. This systematic review aims at gathering all available evidence on the association between physical activity (PA) and the risk of ALS. METHODS Relevant literature published up to January 2015 was gathered through structured searches on Medline, The Cochrane Library, and the ISI Web of Science databases. Studies… 
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Life Course of Physical Activity and Risk and Prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a German ALS Registry
TLDR
A strong nonlinear association of current and prediagnostic PA level and survival in ALS cases with the best survival with moderate PA is found, suggesting PA intensity may be a disease-modifying factor with an unfavorable outcome in sedentary and hyperactive behavior.
Contact Sports as a Risk Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
TLDR
It is suggested that increased susceptibility to ALS is significantly and independently associated with professional sports and sports prone to repetitive concussive head and cervical spinal trauma, further increasing this association to ALS.
Multicentre, cross-cultural, population-based, case–control study of physical activity as risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
TLDR
New class I evidence for a positive association between PA and risk of ALS is provided in a large multicentre study using harmonised methodology to objectively quantify PA levels, with some suggestions for population differences.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Occupational Exposures: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses
TLDR
Meta-analyses based only on epidemiologic publications of good scientific quality show that the risk of ALS is statistically significantly elevated for occupational exposures to excessive physical work, chemicals, metals, metals (especially lead), and possibly also to electromagnetic fields and health care work.
Clinical and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
TLDR
A population-based case-control study in four provinces from both Northern and Southern Italy suggests a potential etiologic role a number of clinical and lifestyle factors with ALS risk, however, caution is needed due to some study limitations.
Physical exercise is a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Convergent evidence from Mendelian randomisation, transcriptomics and risk genotypes
TLDR
It is proposed that G4C2-repeat expansion of C9ORF72 predisposes to exercise-induced ALS and is likely to cause motor neuron injury only in patients with a risk-genotype.
History of vigorous leisure-time physical activity and early onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), data from the national ALS registry: 2010–2018
TLDR
Patients with ALS who had a history of VPA before age 35, were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with ALS before age 60 compared to patients withALS who never engaged vigorously.
Physical exercise is a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Convergent evidence from mendelian randomisation, transcriptomics and risk genotypes
TLDR
It is proposed that G4C2-repeat expansion of C9ORF72 predisposes to exercise-induced ALS and is likely to cause motor neuron injury only in patients with a risk-genotype.
Finding diseases associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a total population-based case–control study
TLDR
The hypothesis that diseases developing prior to ALS diagnoses are hypermetabolic disorders may have a beneficial effect on ALS incidence is supported and defective energy metabolism may play a role in ALS pathogenesis.
Environmental risk factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A case-control study of ALS in China
TLDR
Head trauma, alcohol consumption, smoking, low BMI, workers or farmers are risk factors for ALS; high blood pressure, severe physical activity, longer duration of education, reading, retirement or unemployment are protective factors forALS; whether there is a connection between ALS and family history, general trauma, years or numbers of smoking, artistic activities, and other occupational factors need to be confirmed by further study.
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