Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids
@article{Grotenhermen2003PharmacokineticsAP, title={Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids}, author={Franjo Grotenhermen}, journal={Clinical Pharmacokinetics}, year={2003}, volume={42}, pages={327-360} }
AbstractΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main source of the pharmacological effects caused by the consumption of cannabis, both the marijuana-like action and the medicinal benefits of the plant. However, its acid metabolite THC-COOH, the non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), several cannabinoid analogues and newly discovered modulators of the endogenous cannabinoid system are also promising candidates for clinical research and therapeutic uses. Cannabinoids exert many effects through…
1,115 Citations
Pharmacology of cannabinoids.
- Biology, MedicineNeuro endocrinology letters
- 2004
There is evidence that besides the two cannabinoid receptor subtypes cloned so far additional cannabinoid receptorSubtypes and vanilloid receptors are involved in the complex physiological functions of the cannabinoid system that include motor coordination, memory procession, control of appetite, pain modulation and neuroprotection.
The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids.
- Medicine, BiologyBritish journal of clinical pharmacology
- 2018
The limited availability of applicable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information highlights the need to initiate prescribing cannabis medicines using a 'start low and go slow' approach, carefully observing the patient for desired and adverse effects.
Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids.
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Clinical trials have found that nabilone produces less tachycardia and less euphoria than THC for a similar antiemetic response, and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling with plasma THC versus cardiac and psychotropic effects show that after equilibrium is reached, the intensity of effect is proportional to the plasma THC profile.
Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis.
- Biology, MedicineThe Permanente journal
- 2020
Cannabinoids produce more than 100 naturally occurring chemicals, the most abundant of which are Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes, and flavonoids, which are present in the brain and many organs.
REVIEW-THEMED ISSUE The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids
- Medicine, Biology
- 2018
The pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids and the effects observed depend on the formulation and route of administration, which should be tailored to individual patient requirements.
Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics
- Biology, ChemistryChemistry & biodiversity
- 2007
The cardiovascular and subjective effects of cannabis are blocked by rimonabant, the first CB-1 cannabinoid-receptor antagonist, documenting thatCB-1 receptors mediate these effects of smoked cannabis in humans.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol.
- Biology, ChemistryHandbook of experimental pharmacology
- 2005
Cannabinoid pharmacokinetic research has been especially challenging due to low analyte concentrations, rapid and extensive metabolism, and physicochemical characteristics that hinder the separation of drugs of interest from biological matrices and lower drug recovery due to adsorption of compounds of interest to multiple surfaces.
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol for Epilepsy
- Biology, MedicineDrugs
- 2019
Preliminary results from a recently completed controlled trial indicate that efficacy of CBD extends to the treatment of seizures associated with the tuberous sclerosis complex and to precipitation of some adverse effects, particularly somnolence.
The Endocannabinoid System and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Preclinical Models of Seizure and Epilepsy.
- Biology, MedicineJournal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
- 2020
This research demonstrates that many SCs do reduce seizure severity in rodent models and may have both positive and negative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with clinically used antiepilepsy drugs.
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