Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
@article{Kmmerer2001PharmaceuticalsIT,
title={Pharmaceuticals in the Environment},
author={Klaus K{\"u}mmerer},
journal={Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
year={2001},
volume={35},
pages={57-75}
}Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μg L−1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remain poorly understood. Although there are no known short-term effects on…
867 Citations
Pharmaceutical Mixtures: Still A Concern For Human And Environmental Health.
- MedicineCurrent medicinal chemistry
- 2018
It appears that numerous gaps still exist in the current knowledge related to this field of interest, and further studies should be conducted at global level in order to ensure a more efficient monitorisation of the presence of PhACs and their metabolites into the aquatic environment and to develop new mitigation measures.
Risks Related to the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Further Research Is Needed
- Environmental Science, Biology
- 2004
Data are scant on the amounts of the different active substances emitted into wastewater, surface water or soil, but recent investigations indicated not only that several drugs are detectable in the effluent from sewage treatment plants, but also that several are not degraded and can reach ng 1−11 and μg l−1 concentrations in rivers and drinking water.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use--present knowledge and future challenges.
- Computer ScienceJournal of environmental management
- 2009
Legislation Controlling the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals into the Environment
- Political Science
- 2017
As stated in previous chapters, the earliest studies on quantification of pharmaceutical concentrations in the environment and induction of toxic effects on organisms date back to the 1990s. Since…
Do pharmaceuticals reach and affect the aquatic ecosystems in Brazil? A critical review of current studies in a developing country
- Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research
- 2016
New research is urgently required about the effects of pharmaceuticals in biota—including long-term exposition and mixture tests—and on specific technologies to remove these compounds in water bodies and WWTPs, besides the introduction of new policies for pharmaceutical use.
Impact of Emergent Contaminants in the Environment: Environmental Risk Assessment
- Biology, Environmental Science
- 2008
A critical analysis of the available information was carried out, indicating that acute toxicity was only likely for spills, although an exception to this general behavior is shown by endocrine-active substances.
Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment
- Environmental Science
- 2004
One of the first reports of the release of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) into the environment was a study conducted in Canada on the concentrations of selected drugs in the effluent from…
Pharmaceuticals in Environment
- BiologyEnvironmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges
- 2019
This chapter outlines the various anticipated routes of exposure of pharmaceuticals to the environment along with their detrimental effects, fate and degradation in aquatic and terrestrial environments and the role of various regulatory bodies.
The Fate and Effects of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment
- Environmental Science
- 2007
There is relatively little known about the fate of human pharmaceuticals once they are released into the aquatic environment and what adverse impacts these compounds have on exposed aquatic…
Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals.
- Environmental Science, BiologyAquatic toxicology
- 2006
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 21 REFERENCES
Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data.
- Environmental ScienceToxicology letters
- 2002
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?
- Environmental ScienceEnvironmental health perspectives
- 1999
This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
Drugs in the environment: emission of drugs, diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources--a review.
- MedicineChemosphere
- 2001
Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review
- Chemistry
- 2003
Antibiotics are highly effective, bioactive substances. As a result of their consumption, excretion, and persistence, they are disseminated mostly via excrements and enter the soils and other…
Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health. I. Rationale for and avenues toward a green pharmacy.
- Environmental ScienceEnvironmental health perspectives
- 2003
This article focuses initially on the background behind the imperative for an ecologically oriented stewardship program for PPCPs, and presents a broad spectrum of possible source control/reduction actions, controlled largely by the health care industry, that could minimize the disposition of P PCPs to the environment.
Promoting resistance by the emission of antibiotics from hospitals and households into effluent.
- MedicineClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- 2003
The volume of antibiotics used in hospitals and private households and released into effluent and municipal sewage indicates a selection pressure on bacteria.
Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceutical organic compounds in the groundwater downgradient of a landfill (grindsted, denmark).
- Environmental ScienceEnvironmental science & technology
- 1995
The occurrence and distribution of organic compounds originating from waste from the pharmaceutical industry in the groundwater downgradient of the same landfill is described, the first report on pharmaceutical compounds in a leachate plume.
Fate of pharmaceuticals during indirect potable reuse.
- EngineeringWater science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
- 2002
The antiepileptics carbamazepine and primidone represented the most dominant of all investigated drugs in well treated domestic effluents (nitrifying/denitrifying plants) and a high potential for biodegradation was also observed for anti-inflammatory drugs in groundwater recharge systems.
Something from “ Nothing ”-Eight Weak Estrogenic Chemicals Combined at Concentrations below NOECs Produce Significant Mixture Effects
- Biology
It is concluded that estrogenic agents are able to act together to produce significant effects when combined at concentrations below their NOECs, highlighting the limitations of the traditional focus on the effects of single agents.
Environmental exposure and risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in wastewater and river water of the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland.
- Environmental ScienceEnvironmental science & technology
- 2002
The risk quotients obtained suggest a low probability for adverse effects of the occurring FQs, either on microbial activity in WWTPs or on algae, daphnia, and fish in surface waters, following the recommendations of the European guidelines or draft documents.