Personality and emotional memory: How regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events

@article{Richards2006PersonalityAE,
  title={Personality and emotional memory: How regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events},
  author={J. McDowell Richards and James J. Gross},
  journal={Journal of Research in Personality},
  year={2006},
  volume={40},
  pages={631-651}
}
Abstract In everyday life, individuals actively regulate their emotions in a variety of ways. One common form of emotion regulation is expressive suppression, which entails inhibiting outward signs of emotion. Although expressive suppression is often undertaken with an eye to looking calm despite feeling emotional, an analysis of its self-regulatory demands suggests that this form of emotion regulation may come at a cognitive price. We tested this hypothesis in two studies. In Study 1, we… Expand
View via Publisher
isiarticles.com
155 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
7
Background Citations
70
Methods Citations
3
Results Citations
10

155 Citations

Citation Type

Citation Type

Staying Cool when Things Get Hot: Emotion Regulation Modulates Neural Mechanisms of Memory Encoding
TLDR
Investigating the neural mechanisms that give rise to memory formation during emotion regulation provided neurobehavioral evidence that engaging in cognitive reappraisal is advantageous to both affective and mnemonic processes. Expand
The Effect of the Social Regulation of Emotion on Emotional Long-Term Memory
TLDR
Although handholding altered the strength of negative emotional long-term memory, it did not down-regulate negative affective response as measured by self-report or facial expressivity. Expand
Expressive Suppression Tendencies, Projection Bias in Memory of Negative Emotions, and Well-Being
TLDR
3 novel findings indicate that (a) current negative emotions bias memory of past emotions, (b) this memory bias is magnified for people who habitually use expressive suppression to regulate emotions, and (c)This memory bias may undermine well-being over time. Expand
Suppress to feel and remember less: Neural correlates of explicit and implicit emotional suppression on perception and memory
TLDR
Understanding of the common and dissociable mechanisms of explicit and implicit emotional suppression on perception and memory is advanced, and their impact on both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms involved in emotion-cognition interactions is suggested. Expand
Neural long-term effects of emotion regulation on episodic memory processes
TLDR
The data suggest that memory for emotionally encoded stimuli is supported by emotional re-activation, whereas memory for successfully encoded items during emotion regulation is rather supported by recognition of features and cognitive contents. Expand
Why expressive suppression does not pay? Cognitive costs of negative emotion suppression: The mediating role of subjective tense-arousal
The aim of this paper was to contribute to a broader understanding of the cognitive consequences of expressive suppression. Specifically, we examined whether the deteriorating effect of expressive… Expand
Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal.
TLDR
Evidence is provided for a role for spontaneous but not instructed emotion regulation in depression vulnerability and for suppression to be ineffective for down-regulating negative emotions. Expand
Cognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation
Traditional theories of emotion have emphasised the automatic and unconscious nature of emotion generation and hence emotion regulation via antecedent and response focused strategies. Response… Expand
Emotion suppression reduces hippocampal activity during successful memory encoding
TLDR
The results indicate that emotion suppression interferes with memory encoding on the hippocampal level, possibly by decoupling hippocampal and prefrontal encoding processes, suggesting that response-focused emotion suppression might be an adaptive strategy for impairing hippocampal memory formation in highly arousing situations. Expand
The Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation in the Recall of Negative Autobiographical Memories
TLDR
The results support the maladaptive role of rumination and the adaptive influence of cognitive reappraisal on autobiographical memory and suggest that emotion regulation moderates this relationship. Expand
...
1
2
3
4
5
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 48 REFERENCES
Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool.
TLDR
Together, these studies suggest that the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool may vary according to how this is done, and that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory but that reappraisal was not. Expand
Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
TLDR
Emotional suppression reduced expressive behavior and produced a mixed physiological state characterized by decreased somatic activity and decreased heart rate, along with increased blinking and indications of increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Expand
Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
TLDR
Physiologically, suppression had no effect in the neutral film, but clear effects in both negative and positive emotional films, including increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system. Expand
Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression
We frequently try to appear less emotional than we really are, such as when we are angry with our spouse at a dinner party, disgusted by a boss’s sexist comments during a meeting, or amused by a… Expand
The Importance of Being Flexible
TLDR
Testing among New York City college students in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks found that subjects who were better able to enhance and suppress the expression of emotion evidenced less distress by the end of the second year. Expand
The Self-Regulation of Moods: Second Thoughts on the Importance of Happiness in Everyday Life
How do people go about regulating their moods? This question may sound grandiose to some and silly to others. Grandiose because its answer would appear to involve speculations about a variety of… Expand
Regulating responses to anger: effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood.
TLDR
In the present series of experiments, women were more likely to choose to ruminate when in a neutral mood but to distract themselves following induction of an angry mood, whereas distraction decreased or had no effect on anger. Expand
Toward a Science of Mood Regulation
Mood is distinguished from emotion, and mood regulation is distinguished from coping. A model of mood regulation is presented which draws on principles of control theory, which distinguishes between… Expand
Chronic thought suppression.
TLDR
A self-report measure of thought suppression that was inversely correlated with repression as assessed by the Repression-Sensitization Scale, and so taps a trait that is quite unlike repression as traditionally conceived. Expand
Giving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control
Understanding how emotion regulation is similar to and different from other self-control tasks can advance the understanding of emotion regulation. Emotion regulation has many similarities to other… Expand
...
1
2
3
4
5
...