Pathogen Relatedness Affects the Prevalence of Within‐Host Competition

@article{Koskella2006PathogenRA,
  title={Pathogen Relatedness Affects the Prevalence of Within‐Host Competition},
  author={Britt Koskella and Tatiana Giraud and Michael E. Hood},
  journal={The American Naturalist},
  year={2006},
  volume={168},
  pages={121 - 126}
}
Although the evolutionary consequences of within‐host competition among pathogens have been examined extensively, there exists a critical gap in our understanding of factors determining the prevalence of multiple infections. Here we examine the effects of relatedness among strains of the anther‐smut pathogen Microbotryum violaceum on the probability of multiple infection in its host, Silene latifolia, after sequential inoculations. We found a significantly higher probability of multiple… 
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COMPETITION, COOPERATION AMONG KIN, AND VIRULENCE IN MULTIPLE INFECTIONS
TLDR
Conditional responses by the pathogen to the presence of competitors were revealed, which was dependent upon the relatedness of pathogens within hosts, and virulence was increased in cases of multiple infections as compared to single infections.
Within-host competitive exclusion among species of the anther smut pathogen
TLDR
Evidence is shown that competitive exclusion during infection can be greater among closely related pathogen species than among genotypes within species, and this pattern follows from prior studies demonstrating that genetic distance and antagonistic interactions are positively correlated in Microbotryum.
Evolutionary and Epidemiological Implications of Multiple Infection in Plants.
Influence of Multiple Infection and Relatedness on Virulence: Disease Dynamics in an Experimental Plant Population and Its Castrating Parasite
TLDR
This is one of the few studies to have empirically verified theoretical expectations for castrating parasites, and to show particularly i that castrated hosts live longer, suggesting that parasites can redirect resources normally used in reproduction to increase host lifespan, lengthening their transmission phase, and ii) that multiple infections increase virulence, here in terms of non-recovery and host castration.
Multiple-genotype infections and their complex effect on virulence.
A nutrient mediates intraspecific competition between rodent malaria parasites in vivo
TLDR
It is demonstrated that a parasite nutrient, para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), mediates competition between a drug resistant and drug susceptible strain of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi, and that increasing pABA supply to hosts infected with the resistant strain worsens disease and changes the relationship between parasite burden and pathology.
VIRULENCE AND COMPETITIVENESS: TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP DURING INTER‐ AND INTRASPECIFIC MIXED INFECTIONS
TLDR
It is suggested that the nature of competition (direct via toxin production when competing against the nematode, indirect via exploitation of the host when competingagainst conspecific fungal strains) determines the relationship between virulence and competitive ability.
Multiple Infections by the Anther Smut Pathogen Are Frequent and Involve Related Strains
TLDR
Investigating multiple infections in natural populations of the systemic fungal plant parasite Microbotryum violaceum found that multiple infections can be extremely frequent, with different fungal genotypes found in different stems of single plants.
Context-dependent effects of induced resistance under co-infection in a plant–pathogen interaction
TLDR
Whether hosts’ induced defenses mediate dynamics of multiple infection of the fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting Plantago lanceolata is studied and results have applied implications for priming where the plants’ defenses are elicited to provide protection against further attack.
Experimental measures of pathogen competition and relative fitness.
TLDR
The most comprehensive measures of competitive ability and relative fitness come from calculating selection coefficients in a mixed infection in a field setting, and Mark-release-recapture experiments can be used to estimate fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence and fungicide resistance.
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References

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