Neurobiology of the fruit fly's circadian clock

@article{HelfrichFrster2005NeurobiologyOT,
  title={Neurobiology of the fruit fly's circadian clock},
  author={Charlotte Helfrich-F{\"o}rster},
  journal={Genes},
  year={2005},
  volume={4}
}
Studying the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has revealed mechanisms underlying circadian clock function. Rhythmic behavior could be assessed to the function of several clock genes that generate circadian oscillations in certain brain neurons, which finally modulate behavior in a circadian manner. This review outlines how individual circadian pacemaker neurons in the fruit fly's brain control rhythm in locomotor activity and eclosion. 
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The heterogeneous nature of peripheral circadian clocks in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are reviewed and their dependence on the central clock is discussed, and their significance in the temporal organization of physiology in peripheral tissues/organs is discussed.
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The molecular basis of the clock, the mechanisms by which the clock entrains to environmental signals, and the brain clock circuit, in which different groups of clock neurons subserve distinct aspect of the behavioral rhythm are described.
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The current understanding of the circadian egg-laying rhythm in D. melanogaster is discussed, and the possible molecular and physiological mechanisms that control the rhythmic output of the egg- laying process are discussed.
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Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster populations exhibiting evening emergence chronotype (late) are characterized by higher incidence of behavioral arrhythmicity in constant dim light, wider range of entrainment, reduced rates of re-entrainment to simulated jet-lag and higher amplitude of both entrained and free-running rhythms.
Neural circuits underlying circadian behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
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