Muscle-derived neurotrophin-4 as an activity-dependent trophic signal for adult motor neurons.

@article{Funakoshi1995MusclederivedNA,
  title={Muscle-derived neurotrophin-4 as an activity-dependent trophic signal for adult motor neurons.},
  author={Hiroshi Funakoshi and Natale Belluardo and Ernest Arenas and Y. Yamamoto and Antonino Casabona and H{\aa}kan Persson and Carlos F. Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez},
  journal={Science},
  year={1995},
  volume={268 5216},
  pages={
          1495-9
        }
}
The production of neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in rat skeletal muscle was found to depend on muscle activity. The amounts of NT-4 messenger RNA present decreased after blockade of neuromuscular transmission with alpha-bungarotoxin and increased during postnatal development and after electrical stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. NT-4 immunoreactivity was detected in slow, type I muscle fibers. Intramuscular administration of NT-4 induced sprouting of intact adult motor nerves. Thus, muscle-derived… 
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Neuromuscular Junction Disassembly and Muscle Fatigue in Mice Lacking Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is produced by slow muscle fibers in an activity-dependent manner and promotes growth and remodeling of adult motorneuron innervation. However, both muscle fibers and motor…
Neurotrophin-4 couples to locally modulated ACh release at the end of neuromuscular synapse maturation
Neurotrophin 4/5 is required for the normal development of the slow muscle fiber phenotype in the rat soleus
TLDR
The developmental upregulation of NT-4/5 mRNA in rat SOL muscle fibers occurred earlier than theUpregulation of MyHC I/b mRNA associated with muscle fiber transformation, consistent with the idea that NT- 4/5 is involved in early events that lead to the up regulation of the slow MyHC isoform in this muscle.
Neurotrophin-3 mRNA expression in rat intrafusal muscle fibres after denervation and reinnervation
Localized Synaptic Actions of Neurotrophin-4
TLDR
It is demonstrated that presynaptic potentiation is restricted to synapses on myocytes overexpressing NT-4 without affecting nearby synapses formed by the same neuron on control myocytes, suggesting activity-dependent secretion of neurotrophins can result in highly localized modification of neuronal connections.
Activity-Dependent Expression of NT-3 in Muscle Cells in Culture: Implications in the Development of Neuromuscular Junctions
TLDR
Activity-dependent expression of muscle NT-3 may contribute to the development of the neuromuscular synapse, and factor(s) induced by membrane depolarization appeared to enhance synaptic transmission at the developing neuromoscular junction.
Structure and Regulation of BDNF and NT-4 Genes
Exercise-dependent regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in skeletal muscle and its importance for the neuromuscular system
TLDR
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is the most potent survival factor for motor neurons, where it enhances maintenance and survival of both developing and mature motor neurons in vivo and in vitro.
The mRNA expression of neurotrophins in different skeletal muscles of young rats.
TLDR
Investigating the mRNA expressions of BDNF and NT-3 in three different skeletal muscles in 4- to 8- week-old rats using the reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method found that there is a possibility that the different expression patterns of neurotrophins in muscles may be involved in the maturation of neuromuscular function in different muscles during the young developmental period.
A possible role for BDNF, NT-4 and TrkB in the spinal cord and muscle of rat subjected to mechanical overload, bupivacaine injection and axotomy
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References

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TLDR
It is demonstrated that NT-4/5 also prevents injury-induced death of facial motor neurons in neonatal rats and may serve as therapeutic agents for motor neuron disease.
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TLDR
It is proposed that NT-4, together with the other three neurotrophins, orchestrate the innervation of the different structures of the developing whisker pad by the trigeminal ganglion, acting as target-derived neurotrophic factors for different subpopulations of trigemINAL ganglions neurons.
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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