Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: Focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake

@article{RaskAndersen2010MolecularMU,
  title={Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: Focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake},
  author={Mathias Rask-Andersen and Pawel K Olszewski and Allen S. Levine and Helgi Birgir Schi{\"o}th},
  journal={Brain Research Reviews},
  year={2010},
  volume={62},
  pages={147-164}
}
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex multi-factorial disease with high heritability. The psychological AN symptoms are poorly connected with specific molecular mechanisms. Here we review the molecular basis of AN with the focus on human genetic association studies; we put these in the experimental biological context with emphasis on molecular systems controlling food intake and body weight in a direct or indirect manner. We systematically searched for human genetic studies related to AN and… 
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The genetics of eating disorders.
TLDR
Molecular studies have attempted to define genetic risk factors for these disorders, including case-control and family-based candidate gene association studies and linkage analysis of multiply affected nuclear families, and further GWAS results are expected in the near future.
Variability in cannabinoid receptor genes is associated with psychiatric comorbidities in anorexia nervosa
TLDR
The association of genetic variants in cannabinoid receptors with the risk for Anorexia Nervosa and with psychiatric comorbidities that are commonplace in these patients was analyzed and significant CNR1/CNR2 epistasis was observed in relation to Hostility, Asceticism and Maturity Fears.
Epigenetic regulation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in an activity-based rat model of anorexia nervosa.
TLDR
The transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system, an interesting target for body weight maintenance and the control of food intake and energy balance, supports a possible role for Cnr1 in the ABA animal model of anorexia nervosa.
Dopamine in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review
TLDR
Clinical studies on the etiology of AN have produced contradictory findings, and there are promising results with respect to the use of atypical antipsychotics against symptoms of AN beyond weight gain, but further trials are required.
Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa
TLDR
The genetic architecture of AN is likely complex, representing a synergistic interaction between many genetic and environmental factors, and has shown some positive associations with AN.
The impact of COMT, BDNF and 5-HTT brain-genes on the development of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review
TLDR
The systematic review distinctively emphasized the genetic contribution of the brain-genes on the development of AN and no clear and standardized genetic route was determined to be the cause of AN development.
Common genetic background in anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder: preliminary results from an association study.
TLDR
A partial common genetic background in AN and OCD is revealed, in agreement with previous clinical findings of common symptomathology between these two diseases and could indicate that there is a biological interaction between the serotonin (TPH2 and SLC18A1) and glutamate (GRIA3) pathways and the factors related to neurogenesis for the explanation of etiopathophysiology in both diseases.
Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors
TLDR
The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has a predominant expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain area strictly involved in the modulation of reward processes related to both food and drug consumption, and the presence of the 7R variant seems to increase the susceptibility of individuals to engage maladaptive eating patterns in response to negative environmental stimuli.
BDNF genetic variability modulates psychopathological symptoms in patients with eating disorders
TLDR
Preliminary results suggest that variability in the BDNF gene locus may contribute to anthropometric characteristics and also psychopathological symptoms that are common but not exclusive of ED patients.
Genetic risk factors for eating disorders: an update and insights into pathophysiology
TLDR
Important findings derived from formal and molecular genetics are reviewed in order to outline a genetics-based pathophysiological model of eating disorders, which takes into account environmental and nutritional factors, genetic factors related to the microbiome, the metabolic and endocrine system, the immune system, and the brain, in addition to phenotypical traits of EDs.
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