Microparticles: biomarkers and beyond.

@article{Burger2013MicroparticlesBA,
  title={Microparticles: biomarkers and beyond.},
  author={Dylan Burger and Sarah C. Schock and Charlie S. Thompson and Augusto C. Montezano and Antoine M. Hakim and Rhian M. Touyz},
  journal={Clinical science},
  year={2013},
  volume={124 7},
  pages={
          423-41
        }
}
Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among… 
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Microparticles and their Roles in Inflammation: A Review
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Microparticles are instrumental in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases through their pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant properties and in vivo studies are being conducted to facilitate delivery of therapeutic compounds to desired location safely, specifically and more effectively, with fewer side effects.
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Evidence suggests microparticles released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelium may help to evaluate vascular health as they have a relevant role in inflammation, endothelial function, and thrombosis.
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TLDR
The current data provide a substrate for several theories of how microparticles influence various cellular mechanisms by transferring biological information, mainly because their detection and enumeration methods are improving.
The Emerging Roles of Microparticles in Diabetic Nephropathy
TLDR
Microparticles have recently been considered as potentially involved in DN onset and progression, and this review juxtaposes some of the research updates about the possible mechanisms from several relevant aspects and insights into the therapeutic perspectives of MPs in clinical management and pharmacological treatment of DN patients.
Endothelial Microparticles in Uremia: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets
TLDR
Data from previous research demonstrate that uremic toxins are closely associated with the activation of inflammatory biomarkers, cardiovascular dysfunction processes, and the release of EMPs, and whether MPs are biochemical markers and/or therapeutic targets has yet to be established.
Microparticles in Hematology: From biology to diagnostics and therapeutics
TLDR
It is found that, cell-derived microparticles had an essential role in hemostatic response and their potential as disease markers, but also their implication in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes.
Microparticles and Exosomes in Cell-Cell Communication
TLDR
This chapter addresses the formation of different EV and their importance in cell-cell communication, controlling basic cellular functions in homeostatic and pathologic conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases, and the potential of EV as therapeutic tools.
Platelet microparticles: detection and assessment of their paradoxical functional roles in disease and regenerative medicine.
Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond.
TLDR
MP detection and enumeration by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) have opened interesting perspectives in clinical settings, particularly for the evaluation of MP numbers and phenotypes as independent marker of cardiovascular risk, disease and outcome in diabetic patients.
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