Metabolism of crystals within the joint.

@article{Oliviero2012MetabolismOC,
  title={Metabolism of crystals within the joint.},
  author={Francesca Oliviero and A. Scanu and Leonardo Punzi},
  journal={Reumatismo},
  year={2012},
  volume={63 4},
  pages={
          221-9
        }
}
Monosodium urate (MSU), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals deposit in joints and surrounding tissues causing acute inflammation and chronic cartilage damage. A number of endogenous substances and physicochemical conditions affect their precipitation, growth and even dissolution, regulating their metabolism and inflammatory activity. We review how MSU and calcium crystals form within the joints and the various factor which regulate their formation. 
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It is demonstrated that MSU crystals may cause the death of chondrocytes through the activation of the autophagic process rather than apoptosis or ER stress.
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The puzzle of gout formation was pieced together and illustrated and the synergistic effect of hyaluronate and the cations on the inhibition of MSUM crystallization was further verified based on the crystal yields.
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In contrast to young patients, the diagnosis of an acute gout attack in the elderly can be a challenge for the physician, and x‑ray images are not useful in the early stages but might be helpful in differential diagnostics.
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This review will present the main US findings in gout, the utility of the method in diagnosis and treatment response, and comparison with other imaging techniques in terms of sensibility and specificity of the methods for this pathological situation.
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Different proteins and factors within connective tissues may promote MSU crystalsization and may be important for determining the sites at which MSU crystallization occurs in the presence of elevated urate concentrations.
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This review reports the most relevant findings detectable by ultrasound and the current available data in the literature regarding the role of musculoskeletal ultrasound in gout.
NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS RELEASE IN GOUT AND PSEUDOGOUT DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF CRYSTALS REGARDLESS OF LEUKOCYTE COUNT.
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Findings suggest that a role of NETs in crystal-induced arthritis is to "trap extracellular particles", including microcrystals, may be the basis of tophi and CPPD deposition and may have implications for disease evolution, rather than for spontaneous resolution of the acute attack.
Urate crystal degradation for treatment of gout: a nanoparticulate combination therapy approach
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The combination treatment therapy resulted in effective treatment of gout due to degradation of crystals and anti-inflammatory response, and the developed nanoparticles formulations displayed zero order and Higuchi release kinetics with non-Fickian diffusion.
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