Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.

@article{Squire1992MemoryAT,
  title={Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.},
  author={Larry R. Squire},
  journal={Psychological review},
  year={1992},
  volume={99 2},
  pages={
          195-231
        }
}
  • L. Squire
  • Published 30 March 1992
  • Biology, Psychology
  • Psychological review
This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function. A central thesis is that work with rats, monkeys, and humans--which has sometimes seemed to proceed independently in 3 separate literatures--is now largely in agreement about the function of the hippocampus and related structures. A biological perspective is presented, which proposes multiple memory systems with different functions and distinct anatomical organizations. The hippocampus (together with anatomically related… 
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5,137 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
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5,137 Citations

Conservation of hippocampal memory function in rats and humans
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Normal rats demonstrated two forms of flexible memory expression, transitivity, the ability to judge inferentially across stimulus pairs that share a common element, and symmetry, the able to associate paired elements presented in the reverse of training order, indicating that non-spatial declarative processing depends specifically on the hippocampus in animals as it does in humans.
Visual memory task for rats reveals an essential role for hippocampus and perirhinal cortex.
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With this task, it is demonstrated that rats have a visual memory profile, which is analogous to that in primates and depends on the function of perirhinal cortex, and it is found that selective lesions of hippocampus impair delay-dependent visual memory with a profile different from that produced by damage to the perirHinal cortex.
Memory formation by refinement of neural representations: The inhibition hypothesis
Spatial memory and hippocampal function: where are we now?
The main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current debates concerning the role of the mammalian hippocampus in learning with a particular emphasis on spatial learning. The review…
Functional organization of the hippocampal memory system.
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The findings support the view that the cortex maintains various forms of memory representation and that hippocampal structures extend the persistence and mediate the organization of these codings.
Alternative conceptions of memory consolidation and the role of the hippocampus at the systems level in rodents
A role for the prefrontal cortex in recall of recent and remote memories
TLDR
It is shown that activity in the medial prefrontal cortex is necessary for retrieval of recent and remote memories, suggesting that information stored in this neocortical structure from the time of training is needed for memory recall.
Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Transformation
TLDR
This chapter addresses how a memory that is initially dependent on the hippocampus becomes represented in the cortex, independently of the hippocampus, and considers the degree to which evidence related to the mechanistic basis of memory consolidation in rodents applies to complex human memory.
Conjunctive representations in learning and memory: principles of cortical and hippocampal function.
TLDR
This framework suggests that tasks involving rapid, incidental conjunctive learning are better tests of hippocampal function, and is implemented in a computational neural network model that can account for a wide range of data in animal learning.
Differentiable Processing of Objects, Associations, and Scenes within the Hippocampus
TLDR
A novel mental imagery paradigm and high-resolution functional MRI are used to compare accounts of hippocampal function that emphasize associative processes with a theory that proposes scene construction as a primary role and conclude that a greater emphasis on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.
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References

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Memory and the Hippocampus
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TLDR
It is proposed that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.
A selective mnemonic role for the hippocampus in monkeys: memory for the location of objects
TLDR
The results suggest that although the hippocampus and amygdala appear to participate equally in object recognition, only the hippocampus is critical for the rapid formation of object-place associations.
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TLDR
The medial temporal lobe memory system is needed to bind together the distributed storage sites in neocortex that represent a whole memory, but the role of this system is only temporary, as time passes after learning, memory stored in neoc cortex gradually becomes independent of medialporal lobe structures.
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TLDR
It is asserted that the reactivation of the stored hippocampal memory index will serve to also reactivate the associated unique array of neocortical areas and thus will result in a memorial experience.
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TLDR
This study compared spatial and nonspatial memory in amnesic patients with lesions of the hippocampal formation or diencephalon and suggested that the hippocampus is not especially involved in spatial memory, while cognitive mapping in its most abstract sense may describe hippocampal function.
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
A somewhat different approach is suggested here, based on the Dissociation between human amnesic subjects' commentaries and their objective performance, which suggests a dissociation between levels of processing rather than a failure on any particular level.
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TLDR
Results show that the hippocampal formation is required for memory storage for only a limited period of time after learning, and as time passes, its role in memory diminishes, and a more permanent memory gradually develops independently of the hippocampus.
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