Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.

@article{Squire1992MemoryAT,
  title={Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.},
  author={Larry R. Squire},
  journal={Psychological review},
  year={1992},
  volume={99 2},
  pages={
          195-231
        }
}
  • L. Squire
  • Published 30 March 1992
  • Biology, Psychology
  • Psychological review
This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function. A central thesis is that work with rats, monkeys, and humans--which has sometimes seemed to proceed independently in 3 separate literatures--is now largely in agreement about the function of the hippocampus and related structures. A biological perspective is presented, which proposes multiple memory systems with different functions and distinct anatomical organizations. The hippocampus (together with anatomically related… 
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This chapter addresses how a memory that is initially dependent on the hippocampus becomes represented in the cortex, independently of the hippocampus, and considers the degree to which evidence related to the mechanistic basis of memory consolidation in rodents applies to complex human memory.
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Differentiable Processing of Objects, Associations, and Scenes within the Hippocampus
TLDR
A novel mental imagery paradigm and high-resolution functional MRI are used to compare accounts of hippocampal function that emphasize associative processes with a theory that proposes scene construction as a primary role and conclude that a greater emphasis on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.
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References

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Memory and the Hippocampus
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TLDR
It is proposed that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.
A selective mnemonic role for the hippocampus in monkeys: memory for the location of objects
TLDR
The results suggest that although the hippocampus and amygdala appear to participate equally in object recognition, only the hippocampus is critical for the rapid formation of object-place associations.
The medial temporal lobe memory system
TLDR
The medial temporal lobe memory system is needed to bind together the distributed storage sites in neocortex that represent a whole memory, but the role of this system is only temporary, as time passes after learning, memory stored in neoc cortex gradually becomes independent of medialporal lobe structures.
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TLDR
It is asserted that the reactivation of the stored hippocampal memory index will serve to also reactivate the associated unique array of neocortical areas and thus will result in a memorial experience.
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TLDR
This study compared spatial and nonspatial memory in amnesic patients with lesions of the hippocampal formation or diencephalon and suggested that the hippocampus is not especially involved in spatial memory, while cognitive mapping in its most abstract sense may describe hippocampal function.
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TLDR
A discrepancy between the clinical and animal literature could indicate a true evolutionary shift in the functions of the hippocampus, or, at the other extreme, it could simply reflect the use of incommensurate measures across species.
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TLDR
This paper presents a summary of presently available information about the neuropsychology of human memory, emphasizing three ideas: a) the neural substrate of memory continues to change for a long time after initial learning, which is distinct from the changes underlying forgetting and involves the medial temporal region of the brain.
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TLDR
A somewhat different approach is suggested here, based on the Dissociation between human amnesic subjects' commentaries and their objective performance, which suggests a dissociation between levels of processing rather than a failure on any particular level.
The primate hippocampal formation: evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage.
TLDR
Results show that the hippocampal formation is required for memory storage for only a limited period of time after learning, and as time passes, its role in memory diminishes, and a more permanent memory gradually develops independently of the hippocampus.
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