Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I

@article{Coleman2001MembraneBD,
  title={Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I},
  author={Mathew L. Coleman and Erik Sahai and Margaret Yeo and Marta Bosch and Ann Dewar and Michael F. Olson},
  journal={Nature Cell Biology},
  year={2001},
  volume={3},
  pages={339-345}
}
The execution phase of apoptosis is characterized by marked changes in cell morphology that include contraction and membrane blebbing. The actin–myosin system has been proposed to be the source of contractile force that drives bleb formation, although the biochemical pathway that promotes actin–myosin contractility during apoptosis has not been identified. Here we show that the Rho effector protein ROCK I, which contributes to phosphorylation of myosin light-chains, myosin ATPase activity and… 
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1,193 Citations

Actin-myosin–based contraction is responsible for apoptotic nuclear disintegration
TLDR
It is shown that apoptotic nuclear disintegration requires actin-myosin contractile force and lamin proteolysis, making apoptosis analogous to, but distinct from, mitosis wherenuclear disintegration results from microtubule-based forces and from lamin phosphorylation and depolymerization.
ROCK-II-induced membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation require actin cytoskeleton.
TLDR
Findings suggest that the activation of actin-myosin contractility is responsible for membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation and implicate ROCK II as a potential mediator of the morphological changes associated with apoptosis.
Rho kinase regulates fragmentation and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Independence of plasma membrane blebbing from other biochemical and biological characteristics of apoptotic cells.
TLDR
Results indicate that blebbing of the plasma membrane occurs independently from other apoptotic changes and is not involved in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
Myosin light chain kinase plays a role in the regulation of epithelial cell survival
TLDR
A newly discovered role for MLCK is demonstrated in the generation of pro-survival signals in both untransformed and transformed epithelial cells and supports previous work suggesting distinct cellular roles for Rho-kinase- and MLCk-dependent regulation of myosin II.
Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing
TLDR
It is proposed that in a physiological context, bleb-associated cell motility reflects a cell's response to reduced substratum adhesion and the importance of blebbing as a functional protrusion is underscores by the existence of multiple molecular mechanisms that govern actin-mediated bleb retraction.
Rho kinase regulates phagocytosis, surface expression of GlcNAc, and Golgi fragmentation of apoptotic PC12 cells.
Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and signal transduction: blebbing in programmed cell death
TLDR
The conservation of blebbing phenomenon suggests a fundamental role in metazoans and DAPK offers a door to further dissect this fascinating process.
Direct cleavage of ROCK II by granzyme B induces target cell membrane blebbing in a caspase-independent manner
TLDR
It is shown here that grB directly cleaves ROCK II, a ROCK family member encoded by a separate gene and closely related to ROCK I, and this causes constitutive kinase activity and bleb formation, thus defining two independent pathways with similar phenotypic consequences in the cells.
The RhoA/ROCK-I/MLC pathway is involved in the ethanol-induced apoptosis by anoikis in astrocytes
TLDR
It is shown that astrocytes exposed to ethanol undergo morphological changes associated with anoikis, including the peripheral reorganization of both focal adhesions and actin-myosin system, cell contraction, membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation.
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References

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