Marine Cobalt Resources

@article{Manheim1986MarineCR,
  title={Marine Cobalt Resources},
  author={Frank. T. Manheim},
  journal={Science},
  year={1986},
  volume={232},
  pages={600 - 608}
}
Ferromanganese oxides in the open oceans are more enriched in cobalt than any other widely distributed sediments or rocks. Concentrations of cobalt exceed 1 percent in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts, ocean ridges, and other raised areas of the ocean. The cobaltrich crusts may be the slowest growing of any earth material, accumulating one molecular layer every 1 to 3 months. Attention has been drawn to crusts as potential resources because they contain cobalt, manganese, and platinum, three… 
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Trace elements in New Zealand ferromanganese nodules: implications for deep sea environments
Ferromanganese nodules are authigenic marine sediments that form over millions of years from the precipitation of Fe oxyhydroxides and Mn oxides from seawater (hydrogenetic-type growth) and sediment…
Enrichment of REEs in polymetallic nodules and crusts and its potential for exploitation
Ferromanganese oxide deposits: Geochemical and microbiological perspectives of interactions of cobalt and nickel
Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
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COBALT- AND PLATINUM-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS AND ASSOCIATED SUBSTRATE ROCKS FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
Mineralogy and chemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic Ocean
The mineral and chemical compositions of a set of crust samples collected from the North, Central and South Atlantic were examined by means of analytical electron microscopy and ICP-MS, chemical, and…
Phosphatic Rocks and Manganese Crusts from Seamounts in the Eez of Kiribati and Tuvalu, Central Pacific Ocean
Phosphorite-manganese crusts were dredged from the flanks of seamounts of the Kiribati and Tuvalu EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) from water depths between 1450 and 2355 m. Samples from Kiribati…
Geochemical features and genesis of continental cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts
Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History, Microstructure, and Texture
The decarbonisation of our energy supply is reliant on new technologies that are raw material intensive and will require a significant increase in the production of metals to sustain them.…
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