Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena
@article{Glickman2006MammalianSD, title={Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena}, author={Stephen E. Glickman and Gerald R. Cunha and Christine M. Drea and Alan J. Conley and Ned J. Place}, journal={Trends in Endocrinology \& Metabolism}, year={2006}, volume={17}, pages={349-356} }
66 Citations
Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).
- BiologyDifferentiation; research in biological diversity
- 2014
Sex and seasonal differences in aggression and steroid secretion in Lemur catta: Are socially dominant females hormonally ‘masculinized’?
- BiologyHormones and Behavior
- 2007
High maternal androstenedione levels during pregnancy in a small precocial mammal with female genital masculinisation
- Biology, Medicine
- 2008
For both species plasma levels of androstenedione and testosterone in adults of both sexes, and in females during different stages of pregnancy were determined, indicating that high levels of this androgen may be involved in the differentiation of masculinized genitalia in female.
Morphology of the external genitalia of the adult male and female mice as an endpoint of sex differentiation
- BiologyMolecular and Cellular Endocrinology
- 2012
High maternal androstenedione levels during pregnancy in a small precocial mammal with female genital masculinisation
- Biology
- 2008
It is proposed that female genital masculinisation might be a side effect of early exposure to elevated levels of maternal androgens that might be selected for to speed up precocial development.
Development of urogenital system in the Spix cavy: A model for studies on sexual differentiation.
- Biology, MedicineDifferentiation; research in biological diversity
- 2018
Endocrine correlates of pregnancy in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta): Implications for the masculinization of daughters
- Biology, MedicineHormones and Behavior
- 2011
External genital morphology of the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta): Females are naturally “masculinized”
- BiologyJournal of morphology
- 2008
Those of the female ring‐tailed lemur are characterized as moderately “masculinized,” highlighting certain morphological similarities and differences between ring‐tails lemurs and the most male‐like of female mammals, the spotted hyena, and calling attention to a potential hormonal mechanism of “Masculinization” in female lemur development.
Variation in Penile and Clitoral Morphology in Four Species of Moles
- Biology
- 2014
This dissertation is focused on four species of moles, all of which defy the conventionally obvious visual distinctions between males and females, and the potential role of hormones in development of the external genitalia in these species is investigated.
Morphology of the genital organs of the female red‐rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina, Linnaeus, 1758) during estrous cycle phases and in advanced pregnancy
- MedicineJournal of morphology
- 2019
Anatomical and histological changes were observed mainly in the cervix, vagina and spicules of the clitoris during the EC, and changes occurred along the estrous cycle in the uterine and vaginal epithelia.
References
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The limited aromatase activity may allow the hyena placenta to convert high circulating concentrations of androstenedione to testosterone, which results in virilization of the fetal external genitalia and possibly destruction of fetal ovarian follicles.
Androgens and masculinization of genitalia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). 1. Urogenital morphology and placental androgen production during fetal life.
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Investigating the timing of urogenital development and placental production of androgen during early and mid-gestation concluded that androgen is produced by the placenta and secreted into the fetal circulation from early in pregnancy when masculinization is first evident, before differentiation of the fetal ovary.
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It is suggested that postnatal phallic growth is largely independent of gonadal steroids, with oestrogenic facilitation of female-typical clitoral characteristics in spotted hyaenas.
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The hypothesis that external genital morphology is probably androgen-independent initially, but that fetal testicular androgens modify the secondary, male-specific phallic form and accessory organs is supported.
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The Ontogeny of the Urogenital System of the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben)1
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It is concluded that gross masculinization of phallic size and shape of male and female fetuses is androgen-independent, but that sexual dimorphism of internal phallic structure is dependent on fetal testicular androgens acting via AR in the relevant cells/tissues.
Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating
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It is demonstrated that the reproductive costs of clitoral delivery result from exposure of the female foetus to naturally circulating androgens, and the same androgens that render an extremely unusual and laborious process even more reproductively costly in the female are apparently essential to the male's physical ability to reproduce with a normally masculinized female.
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