Low temperature directly activates the initial glycerol antifreeze response in isolated rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) liver cells.

@article{Clow2008LowTD,
  title={Low temperature directly activates the initial glycerol antifreeze response in isolated rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) liver cells.},
  author={Kathy A. Clow and Kathryn Vanya Ewart and William R Driedzic},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology},
  year={2008},
  volume={295 3},
  pages={
          R961-70
        }
}
  • K. Clow, K. Ewart, W. Driedzic
  • Published 1 September 2008
  • Biology
  • American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) accumulate high levels of glycerol in winter that serve as an antifreeze. Liver glycogen is a source of glycerol during the early stages of glycerol accumulation, whereas dietary glucose and amino acids are essential to maintain rates of glycerol synthesis. We presently report rates of glycerol and glucose production by isolated hepatocytes. Cells from fish held at 0.4 to -1.5 degrees C and incubated at 0.4 degrees C were metabolically quiescent with negligible… 
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Rainbow smelt: the unusual case of cryoprotection by sustained glycerol production in an aquatic animal
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The metabolic pathways leading to glycerol involve flux from glycogen/glucose to the level of dihydroxyacetone phosphate via the initial part of glycolysis and from amino acids via a truncated gluconeogenesis again to thelevel of DHAP.
Expression Analysis of Glycerol Synthesis–Related Liver Transcripts in Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) Exposed to a Controlled Decrease in Temperature
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Findings imply that glycerol production is being fueled by glycogen degradation and inhibition of pyruvate oxidation serves to channel metabolic flux toward glycersol as opposed to complete glycolysis.
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It is suggested that glycerol levels are dictated by the rate of glycersol synthesis (accelerated and deactivated during the accumulation and decrease stages, respectively) and GK in liver might have an important metabolic function for other purposes, such as gluconeogenesis.
Identification and validation of differentially expressed transcripts in a hepatocyte model of cold-induced glycerol production in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax).
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This study presents the novel finding of increased glutamine synthetase transcript levels in response to low temperature, and suggests a common regulatory mechanism.
Glycerol-3-phosphatase and not lipid recycling is the primary pathway in the accumulation of high concentrations of glycerol in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax).
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  • Biology, Chemistry
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
  • 2013
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G3Pase is clearly supported as the metabolic step leading to glycerol production in rainbow smelt and the first to provide strong support for a G3Pases in any animal species.
Glycerol accumulation and modulation in selected enzyme activities in response to cold acclimation of two species of cyprinid fishes Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) and Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton)
Glycerol accumulation in blood plasma and modulation in the activities of selected enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis in the liver under cold temperature were assessed in two freshwater…
Glycerol uptake is by passive diffusion in the heart but by facilitated transport in RBCs at high glycerol levels in cold acclimated rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax).
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    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
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The data imply a strong facilitated component to glycerol uptake in rainbow smelt RBCs at high Glycerol concentrations, which is related to cyclic changes in RBCglycerol content involving a loss of glycerols at the gill and a reaccumulation during passage through the liver.
Salinity Effects on Strategies of Glycogen Utilization in Livers of Euryhaline Milkfish (Chanos chanos) under Hypothermal Stress
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Under 18°C cold stress, FW milkfish exhibited an acute response with the breakdown of hepatic glycogen for maintaining energy homeostasis of the entire body, whereas no change was observed in the hepatic Glycogen content and GP activity of SW milkfish because of their greater tolerance to cold conditions.
Functional genomic and molecular analyses of transcripts related toglycerol synthesis and trafficking in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)using cold temperature-induced models of glycerol production
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This research has contributed significantly to a general understanding of the cold adaptation response in smelt, and more specifically to the development of a working scenario for the mechanisms involved in glycerol synthesis and trafficking in this species.
Molecular Analysis, Tissue Profiles, and Seasonal Patterns of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial GPDH in Freeze-Resistant Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax)
TLDR
It is suggested that liver cG PDH and mGPDH play a key role in the glycerol accumulation and decrease phases, respectively.
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