Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention.
@article{Hirst2009LongtermMF, title={Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention.}, author={William Hirst and Elizabeth A. Phelps and Randy L. Buckner and Andrew E. Budson and Alexandru Cuc and John D. E. Gabrieli and Marcia K. Johnson and Cindy Lustig and Keith B. Lyle and Mara Mather and Robert Meksin and Karen J. Mitchell and Kevin N. Ochsner and Daniel L. Schacter and Jon S. Simons and Chandan J. Vaidya}, journal={Journal of experimental psychology. General}, year={2009}, volume={138 2}, pages={ 161-76 } }
More than 3,000 individuals from 7 U.S. cities reported on their memories of learning of the terrorist attacks of September 11, as well as details about the attack, 1 week, 11 months, and/or 35 months after the assault. Some studies of flashbulb memories examining long-term retention show slowing in the rate of forgetting after a year, whereas others demonstrate accelerated forgetting. This article indicates that (a) the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory (memory for…
164 Citations
Flashbulb Memories for the September 11 th Terrorist Attacks : Long-Term Retention , Confidence , and the Influence of Rehearsal and Emotion
- Psychology
- 2012
sammanfattning Flashbulb memories are memories for circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotional event. Classic flashbulb memory research suggests that this…
Predicting confidence in flashbulb memories
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- 2014
Whether people's social bond with the target of a news event predicts confidence and whether participants' initial forecasts regarding the persistence of their flashbulb memories predicted the durability of their memories was examined.
Flashbulb memories of Paris attacks
- PsychologyMedicine
- 2016
A fine-grained view is offered into how flashbulb memories may trigger a considerable recall of context as well much subjective reliving in a patient with mild Alzheimer's disease.
Distinct processes shape flashbulb and event memories
- PsychologyMemory & cognition
- 2014
Structural equation modeling showed that flashbulb memory and event memory could be clearly differentiated and were determined by two separate pathways and importance predicted emotional intensity, which predicted the frequency of overt and covert rehearsal, which enhanced the accuracy and certainty of event memory.
‘11 November 1918, an exceptional day!’: Flashbulb memories of the World War I Armistice in Belgium from a psychological and a historical perspective
- Sociology
- 2017
Flashbulb memories are memories that are consistent, vivid, detailed and retained with high confidence for the circumstances in which people heard about distinctive and emotional news. We show that…
Flashbulb memories of the Paris attacks.
- PsychologyScandinavian journal of psychology
- 2017
Negative emotion seems to play a key role in the formation of flashbulb memories, at least those associated with the Paris attacks.
Effects of age on phenomenology and consistency of flashbulb memories of September 11 and a staged control event.
- PsychologyPsychology and aging
- 2010
In two studies, the special status of flashbulb memories was investigated by contrasting the effects of age on the phenomenology and consistency of flashbulb memories of September 11, over a 2-year…
Memory for time and place contributes to enhanced confidence in memories for emotional events.
- PsychologyEmotion
- 2012
It is found that, over time, more participants correctly remembered the location where they learned about the terrorist attacks on 9/11 than any other canonical feature, and participants' confidence was higher in their memory for location versus other canonical features.
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