Long-Term Outcomes with Medications for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

@article{Huang2011LongTermOW,
  title={Long-Term Outcomes with Medications for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder},
  author={Yu-Shu Huang and Ming-Horng Tsai},
  journal={CNS Drugs},
  year={2011},
  volume={25},
  pages={539-554}
}
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common neuro-behavioural disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, is a chronic disorder and often persists into adulthood. CNS stimulants have been the most well known treatment for ADHD for several decades due to their high effectiveness, good safety profiles and relatively minor adverse effects. Non-stimulant agents, including atomoxetine, extended-release guanfacine and extended-release clonidine (US FDA approved… 
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Citation Type

Long-term neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, even at drug-free status
TLDR
ADHD patients significantly improved in impulsivity and perceptual sensitivity, determined as TOVA, during MPH treatment for 12 months, and age and gender, yet not ADHD subtypes, appear to influence the MPH treatment effects in some indices of TOVA.
The Potential Role of Neuroendocrine in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
TLDR
The neuroendocrine system, the activation of which is closely associated with age and gender, may influence developing neural circuitry and be‐ havioral systems; thus it has reasonably been speculated that this system plays a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
Is the treatment with psychostimulants in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder harmful for the dopaminergic system?
TLDR
The available findings in non-human primates support the notion that the administration of amphetamine and methylphenidate with procedures simulating clinical treatment conditions does not lead to long-term adverse effects in regard to development, neurobiology or behaviour as related to the central dopaminergic system.
ReviewAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderTrastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad
TLDR
Although multimodal treatment including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is usually recommended, no convincing evidence exists to support this recommendation, and Pharmacological treatment has fundamentally shown to improve ADHD symptoms in the short term.
Resveratrol adjunct to methylphenidate improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial
TLDR
Resveratrol administration for a duration of 8 weeks improved characteristic symptoms in patients with ADHD according to their parents and further investigations containing larger sample sizes, longer supplementation periods, and dose–response evaluations are required to replicate these findings in ADHD children more confidently.
Neurocognitive performance and behavioral symptoms in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during twenty-four months of treatment with methylphenidate.
TLDR
Findings suggest that neurocognitive deficits in ADHD patients, except inhibition ability, might be long lasting in realistic settings.
Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review
TLDR
Research provides evidence that physical exercise represents a promising alternative or additional treatment option for patients with ADHD, and potential acute and chronic beneficial effects of especially cardio exercise were reported with regard to several cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional functions.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cardiac vagal control: a systematic review
TLDR
A systematic review of three databases was conducted between January and March 2012 for peer reviewed publications examining the relationship between cardiac vagal control (CVC) and ADHD without comorbid psychopathology and suggested that children with unmedicated ADHD experienced lower levels of CVC than did healthy controls.
Gender Differences in the Behavioral Symptoms and Neuropsychological Performance of Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated with Methylphenidate: A Two-Year Follow-up Study.
TLDR
The results suggested that according to a longitudinal follow-up, behavioral and neuropsychological changes among patients with ADHD might differ between genders.
The Effects of a Traditional Chinese Medication on Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
TLDR
This particular TCM formula may prove to be a useful adjunctive treatment for children with ADHD, and randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to evaluate its efficacy.
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