Literature Review: Update on Amphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Relevance to the Treatment of ADHD

@article{Advokat2007LiteratureRU,
  title={Literature Review: Update on Amphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Relevance to the Treatment of ADHD},
  author={Claire D. Advokat},
  journal={Journal of Attention Disorders},
  year={2007},
  volume={11},
  pages={16 - 8}
}
  • C. Advokat
  • Published 1 July 2007
  • Biology, Psychology
  • Journal of Attention Disorders
Objective: A review of amphetamine treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was conducted, to obtain information on the long-term neurological consequences of this therapy. Method: Several databases were accessed for research articles on the effects of amphetamine in the brain of laboratory animals and ADHD diagnosed individuals. Results: In early studies, high doses of amphetamine, comparable to amounts used by addicts, were shown to damage dopaminergic pathways. More… 
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The functions of the amphetamines as recreation drug of abuse are explored, considered by compulsive drug-seeking and drug use and a phenomenon notorious as amphetamine psychosis.
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This review focuses on the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of ADHD and details the adverse effects and drug interaction profiles of the drugs used to treat it.
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    Expert opinion on drug safety
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This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper that reviewed the safety profile of newer stimulant agents, especially in relation to special populations, and is a thorough review of safety concerns in stimulants.
Repeated dexamphetamine treatment alters the dopaminergic system and increases the phMRI response to methylphenidate
TLDR
The results suggest that AMPH pre-treatment alters DAergic responsivity, a change that can be detected with phMRI in rats, and is promising for both preclinical studies of drug discovery and clinical studies where phMRI can be a useful tool to non-invasively investigate DA abnormalities, e.g. in neuropsychiatric disorders.
The effect of methylphenidate intake on brain structure in adults with ADHD in a placebo-controlled randomized trial.
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There is no evidence of grey matter volume loss after 1 year of methylphenidate treatment in adult patients with ADHD.
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The efficacy of this novel protocol appears superior to some ADHD prescription drugs, and therefore indicates a need for further studies to verify this observation, and justifies initiation of further prospective controlled studies.
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TLDR
Advances in neuroimaging methods have provided the opportunity to begin to investigate the neural correlates of psychopathology as well as the impact of treatments on brain development, particularly in children and adolescents.
Detecting dopamine dysfunction with pharmacological MRI
TLDR
It is shown for the first time that ADHD medications, such as MPH, have differential effects on the developing compared to the matured brain in humans; in a randomized clinical trial the cerebral blood flow in response to MPH was increased in children, but not adults, treated with MPH for four months.
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