Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM

@article{Gers2000LearningTF,
  title={Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM},
  author={Felix Alexander Gers and J{\"u}rgen Schmidhuber and Fred Cummins},
  journal={Neural Computation},
  year={2000},
  volume={12},
  pages={2451-2471}
}
Long short-term memory (LSTM; Hochreiter & Schmidhuber, 1997) can solve numerous tasks not solvable by previous learning algorithms for recurrent neural networks (RNNs). We identify a weakness of LSTM networks processing continual input streams that are not a priori segmented into subsequences with explicitly marked ends at which the network's internal state could be reset. Without resets, the state may grow indefinitely and eventually cause the network to break down. Our remedy is a novel… 
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3,470 Citations

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This paper contrasts the two canonical recurrent neural networks of long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) to propose the novel light-weight RNN of extrapolated input for network simplification (EINS), and presents a design that abandons the LSTM redundancies, thereby introducing EINS.
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We present a novel recurrent neural network (RNN)–based model that combines the remembering ability of unitary evolution RNNs with the ability of gated RNNs to effectively forget redundant or…
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  • Felix Alexander GersJ. Schmidhuber
  • Computer Science
    Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Computing: New Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium
  • 2000
TLDR
Surprisingly, LSTM augmented by "peephole connections" from its internal cells to its multiplicative gates can learn the fine distinction between sequences of spikes separated by either 50 or 49 discrete time steps, without the help of any short training exemplars.
...
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