Intraspinal stimulation caudal to spinal cord transections in rats. Testing the propriospinal hypothesis.

@article{Yakovenko2007IntraspinalSC,
  title={Intraspinal stimulation caudal to spinal cord transections in rats. Testing the propriospinal hypothesis.},
  author={Sergiy Yakovenko and Jan Kowalczewski and Arthur Prochazka},
  journal={Journal of neurophysiology},
  year={2007},
  volume={97 3},
  pages={
          2570-4
        }
}
Many laboratories have reported the successful regeneration of neurons across damaged portions of the spinal cord. Associated improvements in hindlimb locomotor movements have been attributed to the formation of functional neuronal connections with the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG). However, regenerating axons generally extend no more than 10 mm caudal to the lesion sites, terminating about 20 mm short of the lumbar segments thought to contain the CPG. It has therefore tacitly been… 
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After disruption of long-axon projections from RS neurons in the lamprey, descending propriospinal (PS) neurons appear to be a viable compensatory mechanism for indirect activation of spinal locomotor networks.
The effects of intraspinal microstimulation on spinal cord tissue in the rat.
Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates locomotor command signal transmission in the lesioned spinal cord.
TLDR
The results provide proof of principle that artificial excitation of thoracic propriospinal neurons can improve supraspinal control over hindlimb locomotor networks in the lesioned spinal cord.
Propriospinal neurons are sufficient for bulbospinal transmission of the locomotor command signal in the neonatal rat spinal cord
TLDR
The results suggest that propriospinal neurons are sufficient for transmission of descending locomotor command signals, which has implications for regeneration strategies aimed at restoration of locomotor function after spinal cord injury.
The role of propriospinal interneurons in recovery from spinal cord injury
Improving hindlimb locomotor function by Non-invasive AAV-mediated manipulations of propriospinal neurons in mice with complete spinal cord injury.
TLDR
It is shown that activating thoracic propriospinal neurons enables consistent and significant hindlimb stepping improvement, whereas direct manipulations of the neurons in the lumbar spinal cord led to muscle spasms without meaningful locomotion.
Propriospinal transmission of the locomotor command signal in the neonatal rat
TLDR
Propriospinal neurons are a logical target for interventions to restore locomotor function after spinal cord injury and are strongly favor a role for propriospinal mechanisms in the activation of locomotion.
Long and Short Multifunicular Projections of Sacral Neurons Are Activated by Sensory Input to Produce Locomotor Activity in the Absence of Supraspinal Control
TLDR
It is argued that large heterogeneous populations of second-order and proprioneurons whose crossed and uncrossed axons project rostrally through the ventral, ventrolateral/lateral and dorsolateral white matter funiculi contribute to the generation of the rhythm by the stimulated sacrocaudal input.
Cortical control of intraspinal microstimulation to restore motor function after paralysis
TLDR
An approach that combines ISMS with cortical control in a macaque model for upper limb paralysis for the first time is examined and it is shown that there is a behavioural improvement.
Epidural Electrical Stimulation: A Review of Plasticity Mechanisms That Are Hypothesized to Underlie Enhanced Recovery From Spinal Cord Injury With Stimulation
TLDR
Several sensorimotor plasticity mechanisms that are hypothesize to enable epidural stimulation to promote recovery are discussed, including changes in local lumbar circuitry, propriospinal interneurons, and the internal model.
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