Intraspinal microstimulation excites multisegmental sensory afferents at lower stimulus levels than local alpha-motoneuron responses.

@article{Gaunt2006IntraspinalME,
  title={Intraspinal microstimulation excites multisegmental sensory afferents at lower stimulus levels than local alpha-motoneuron responses.},
  author={Robert A. Gaunt and Arthur Prochazka and V K Mushahwar and L. Guevremont and Peter H. Ellaway},
  journal={Journal of neurophysiology},
  year={2006},
  volume={96 6},
  pages={
          2995-3005
        }
}
Microstimulation within the motor regions of the spinal cord is often assumed to activate motoneurons and propriospinal neurons close to the electrode tip. However, previous work has shown that intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) in the gray matter activates sensory afferent axons as well as alpha-motoneurons (MNs). Here we report on the recruitment of sensory afferent axons and MNs as ISMS amplitudes increased. Intraspinal microstimulation was applied through microwires implanted in the dorsal… 
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Results demonstrate that in addition to activating MNs directly, ISMS activates fiber in passage systems that are in turn responsible for the range of responses evoked by ISMS.
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The results demonstrate the potential for cervical ISMS to reanimate hand and arm function following spinal cord injury and demonstrate that robust forelimb movements can be evoked both before and during the chronic stages of recovery from a clinically relevant and sustained cervical contusion injury.
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Forelimb movements and muscle responses evoked by microstimulation of cervical spinal cord in sedated monkeys.
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Examination of forelimb movements and electromyographic muscle responses evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in M. nemestrina monkeys sedated with ketamine indicated that responses were elicited from the dorsal and ventral horn and from fiber tracts in the white matter, with little somatotopic organization for movement or muscle activation.
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It is proposed that distinct direct and indirect actions of spinal cord stimulation on motoneurons may be advantageous for different applications, and this should be taken into consideration when designing neuroprostheses for upper-limb function.
Stimulus outputs induced by subdural electrodes on the cervical spinal cord in monkeys.
OBJECTIVE Spinal stimulation is a promising method for restoring the function of paralyzed limbs following neurological damage to descending pathways. The present study examined the forelimb…
Intraspinal microstimulation produces over-ground walking in anesthetized cats.
TLDR
By activating inherent locomotor networks within the lumbosacral spinal cord, ISMS was capable of producing bilaterally coordinated and functional over-ground walking with current amplitudes <100 μA, suggesting that ISMS may be an effective intervention for restoring functional walking after spinal cord injury.
The effects of intraspinal microstimulation on spinal cord tissue in the rat.
Characteristics and mechanisms of locomotion induced by intraspinal microstimulation and dorsal root stimulation in spinal cats.
TLDR
The integrity of the ventral or ventrolateral funiculi as well as the L(3)-L(4) segments are critical for the induction of locomotion by ISMS at L(5) to S(1) or by DRS at these caudal segments.
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