Interleukin-6 and interleukin-15 are selectively regulated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma in primary pig adipocytes.

@article{Ajuwon2004Interleukin6AI,
  title={Interleukin-6 and interleukin-15 are selectively regulated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma in primary pig adipocytes.},
  author={Kolapo Matthew Ajuwon and Sheila K. Jacobi and Joanne L Kuske and Michael E. Spurlock},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology},
  year={2004},
  volume={286 3},
  pages={
          R547-53
        }
}
  • K. Ajuwon, S. Jacobi, +1 author M. Spurlock
  • Published 1 March 2004
  • Biology
  • American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
3T3-L1 adipocytes express the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor and respond to direct stimulation with the antigen by increasing the expression of inflammatory mediators. Activation of this receptor by its ligand in the macrophage causes the activation and translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) to the nucleus where it regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and other target genes. We investigated whether LPS could stimulate NF-kappaB translocation in primary pig… 
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Direct regulation of lipolysis by interleukin-15 in primary pig adipocytes.
  • K. Ajuwon, M. Spurlock
  • Biology, Medicine
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
  • 2004
TLDR
Data indicate that, in addition to its regulation of muscle protein accretion and T-cell growth and development, IL-15 also targets the adipocyte directly to alter stimulate lipolysis and may be a significant homeorhetic factor that mobilizes and directs energy away from the adipocytes to other cells during the acute phase of the inflammatory response.
LPS induces interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human adipocytes.
Palmitate Activates the NF-κB Transcription Factor and Induces IL-6 and TNFα Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
TLDR
Data indicate that palmitate induces inflammation in adipocytes, and that this is not a generalized effect of all SFA, and suggests that PI3K may act constitutively to suppress inflammation.
Stimulation with Peptidoglycan induces interleukin 6 and TLR2 expression and a concomitant downregulation of expression of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
TLDR
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased expression of TLR2, this receptor could play a significant but previously unrecognized role in the establishment of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue in obesity.
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase mediates the induction of oxidative stress and insulin resistance by palmitate and toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligands in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
TLDR
Tlr2 involvement in adipocyte inflammation was demonstrated and therefore implicated the receptor as a potential target for SFA, and activation of JNK also appeared to be essential to Tlr2-, as well as Tlr4-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress.
Effect of Triacsin C on LPS-induced Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
TLDR
Findings indicate that triacsin C may be a local regulator of inflammation in the adipocyte, although detailed mechanisms are needed to elucidate this through further research.
Peripheral tumor necrosis factor α regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and adipokine gene expression in neonatal pigs
TLDR
Conditions which increase serum TNFα, like sepsis, could suppress lipid accumulation within adipose tissue at a time of critical need in the neonate and induce a variety of adipose derived cytokines which may function to alter adipose physiology.
Interleukin-15, IL-15 Receptor-Alpha, and Obesity: Concordance of Laboratory Animal and Human Genetic Studies
TLDR
IL-15 and the IL-15Rα may be novel targets for pharmacologic control of obesity in the human population because of their complex biochemistry and links with adiposity and markers of the metabolic syndrome.
Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Adipokine Synthesis and Secretion by n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
TLDR
It is suggested that both n-3 and n-6 PUFA are important factors to consider in the development of nutritional strategies for improving adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity.
Development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance: The role of adipose tissue, fatty acids, and toll-like receptors
TLDR
It is demonstrated that Tlr4 deficient C57BL/10ScN mice were protected against DIO, specifically when mice were fed a high saturated fatty acid (SFA) diet and Tlr2 mice were also protected from DIO.
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