• DOI:10.1103/PHYSREVB.59.3195
• Corpus ID: 53336953

In situ XPS analysis of various iron oxide films grown by NO2-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy

@article{Fujii1999InSX,
  title={In situ XPS analysis of various iron oxide films grown by NO2-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy},
  author={Tatsuo Fujii and Frank de Groot and George A. Sawatzky and F. C. Voogt and Tjipke Hibma and Kozo Okada},
  journal={Physical Review B},
  year={1999},
  volume={59},
  pages={3195-3202}
}

• Tatsuo Fujii, F. D. Groot, +3 authors K. Okada
• Published 15 January 1999
• Materials Science
• Physical Review B

We report on a systematic analysis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core- and valence-level spectra of clean and well-characterized iron oxide films, i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}{\mathrm{O}}_{4},$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}.$ All iron oxide films were prepared epitaxially by ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on single crystalline MgO(100) and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ substrates. The phase and stoichiometry of the films were controlled precisely by adjusting the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ pressure during growth. The XPS spectrum of each oxide clearly showed satellite structures. These satellite structures were simulated using a cluster-model calculation, which could well reproduce the observed structures by considering the systematic changes in both the Fe $3d$ to O $2p$ hybridization and the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ electron-correlation energy. The small difference in the satellite structures between $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ resulted mainly from changes in the Fe-O hybridization parameters, suggesting an increased covalency in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ compared to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ With increasing reduction in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ system, the satellite structures in XPS became unresolved. This was not only due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ ions, but also to nonhomogeneous changes in the hybridization parameters between octahedral and tetrahedral ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ ions.