Hypertension, diuretics, and antihypertensive medications as possible risk factors for renal cell cancer.

@article{Heath1997HypertensionDA,
  title={Hypertension, diuretics, and antihypertensive medications as possible risk factors for renal cell cancer.},
  author={Clark W. Jr. Heath and Cathy A Lally and Eugenia E. Calle and Joseph K. Mclaughlin and Michael J. Thun},
  journal={American journal of epidemiology},
  year={1997},
  volume={145 7},
  pages={
          607-13
        }
}
The authors examined the relation of hypertension, use of diuretics, and use of antihypertensive medications to the risk of fatal renal cell cancer in a prospective cohort study of 998,904 adult Americans followed for 7 years (1982-1989). Analysis included 335 renal cell cancer deaths (123 in women and 212 in men). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate rate ratios. Increased rate ratios were present for cigarette smoking in men and for elevated body mass index in both sexes… 
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Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
TLDR
Results do not support the hypothesis that use of diuretic medication increases RCC risk; they are more consistent with an association between RCC and high blood pressure.
Does diuretic therapy increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma?
Antihypertensive medication use and risk of renal cell carcinoma
TLDR
This study provides the first evidence supporting an association between antihypertensive medications and papillary RCC, and there was little evidence of a association between RCC and use of ACE inhibitors or beta blockers.
Hypertension, obesity and their medications in relation to renal cell carcinoma.
TLDR
A population-based, case-control study was conducted in Los Angeles County, California, to investigate the inter-relationships of obesity, hypertension and medications in relation to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and found little evidence that use of diuretics was directly related to RCC development.
A Prospective Study of Body Mass Index, Hypertension, and Smoking and the Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma (United States)
TLDR
Diagnosis of hypertension, higher BMI, and increasing pack-years of smoking appear to independently increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma.
Hypertension, antihypertensive drugs, and mortality from cancer among women
TLDR
The hypothesis that, if there is a link between blood pressure and cancer, it is likely to be positive and relatively small (+10%); and applies also to nondrug-treated women is supported.
History of treated hypertension and diabetes mellitus and risk of renal cell cancer.
TLDR
An Italian multicenter case-control study finds a possible causal role of hypertension in renal cell carcinogenesis is supported by the consistency of the direct association.
Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
TLDR
The hypothesis that hypertension, rather than its medications, increases the risk of RCC in both sexes, while effective blood pressure control may lower the risk is supported.
Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort.
TLDR
Results show that body mass index, smoking, and hypertension are risk factors for renal cell cancer in both sexes.
Blood pressure and risk of cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
TLDR
The results are largely compatible with published studies and support weak associations of blood pressure with cancers in specific locations and morphologies.
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 34 REFERENCES
Risk of renal cell cancer in relation to diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, and hypertension.
TLDR
Small effects are suggested on renal cell cancer risk associated with hypertensive disease and with the use of diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs, but it is difficult to disentangle the separate effects due to potential misclassification of highly correlated events.
Use of diuretics and other antihypertensive medications in relation to the risk of renal cell cancer.
TLDR
Both hypertension and use of nondiuretic antihypertensive drugs were closely associated with diuretic use, and it was impossible to disentangle fully the effects of these three separate exposures.
International renal‐cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti‐hypertensive medications and hypertension
TLDR
Small effects on renal‐cell cancer risk associated with hypertension and use of diuretics and other anti‐hypertensive medications are suggested, however, because of potential misclassifications of these highly correlated variables, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of treatment from its indication, hypertension.
Diuretics may increase risk of renal cell carcinoma
TLDR
The increased risk for kidney cancer in a Danish cohort of 192,133 people on a hospital discharge register may indicate either that diuretics are involved in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma or that the risk can be attributed to confounders, including smoking, which affect risk for both the discharge diagnosis and renalcell carcinoma.
Hypertension, antihypertensive medication and risk of renal carcinoma in California Seventh-Day Adventists.
TLDR
Point estimates of effect suggested that frequent (greater than or equal to 3 week) consumption of fruit and salad vegetables may be protective for this cancer, although the 95% confidence interval did not quite exclude the null value.
Cigarette smoking, obesity, diuretic use, and coffee consumption as risk factors for renal cell carcinoma.
TLDR
Obesity was a significant risk factor in both males and females: the RR for a 4th quartile compared to a 1st quartile Quetelet's Index 10 years ago was 2.5 for males and 3.3 for females.
Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Denmark: role of medication and medical history.
TLDR
This study provides only limited support for the suggested association between risk of renal cell carcinoma and use of diuretics and analgesics, and found non-significantly increased risks for history of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders.
Risk of kidney cancer among patients using analgesics and diuretics: A population‐based cohort study
TLDR
The significantly elevated risk among patients using diuretic use supports a number of recent studies, but inability to adjust for confounding factors such as obesity preclude drawing any conclusion regarding diuretics.
The association of blood pressure with cancer incidence in a prospective study.
TLDR
A cohort of 8,006 Japanese-American men living in Hawaii was examined from 1965 to 1968 and followed for about 20 years, and there was no association between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and total cancer incidence or deaths due to cancer.
Use of analgesics and risk of renal cell cancer
TLDR
The findings suggest that use of analgesics is not likely to play a major role in renal cell cancer development and that for cases diagnosed in the late 1980s or later, after the earlier withdrawal of phenacetin‐containing drugs from the market, a hazard from this analgesic no longer exists.
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