Homeobox genes DLX4 and HB24 are expressed in regions of epithelial-mesenchymal cell interaction in the adult human endometrium.

@article{Quinn1998HomeoboxGD,
  title={Homeobox genes DLX4 and HB24 are expressed in regions of epithelial-mesenchymal cell interaction in the adult human endometrium.},
  author={L M Quinn and Lynette M. Kilpatrick and Susan E. Latham and Bill Kalionis},
  journal={Molecular human reproduction},
  year={1998},
  volume={4 5},
  pages={
          497-501
        }
}
The adult human endometrium rapidly cycles through stages of cell proliferation, differentiation and degeneration. Inappropriate endometrial cell differentiation is a contributing factor in diseases such as endometrial carcinoma and endometriosis. We have identified two homeobox genes that may play a role in the control of endometrial cell differentiation and development. In-situ mRNA hybridization experiments were used to show differential expression of DLX4 at different phases of the… 
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Overexpression of BP1, an isoform of Homeobox Gene DLX4, promotes cell proliferation, migration and predicts poor prognosis in endometrial cancer.
Expression and localization of homeodomain proteins DLX4, HB9 and HB24 in malignant and benign human colorectal tissues.
TLDR
The data suggest that differential expression of HB9, HB24 and DLX4 may be associated with colorectal carcinogenesis.
Homeodomain protein HLX is expressed primarily in cytotrophoblast cell types in the early pregnancy human placenta.
TLDR
It is proposed that HLX is involved in cytotrophoblast proliferation and downregulation of cell differentiation in fetal growth-restricted human placentae and in first trimester placental bed biopsies, HLX expression was not localised to the nucleus but instead was found in the cytoplasm.
A homeobox gene related to Drosophila distal-less promotes ovarian tumorigenicity by inducing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2.
TLDR
A novel role for a homeobox gene in ovarian tumorigenicity is revealed by its induction of a proangiogenic, growth-stimulatory molecular program in tumor cells.
Inhibition of DLX4 promotes apoptosis in choriocarcinoma cell lines.
Analysis of homeobox gene action may reveal novel angiogenic pathways in normal placental vasculature and in clinical pregnancy disorders associated with abnormal placental angiogenesis.
TLDR
A better understanding of the molecular targets of homeobox genes may lead to new therapies for aberrant angiogenesis associated with clinically important pregnancy pathologies, including fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia.
Novel homeobox genes are differentially expressed in placental microvascular endothelial cells compared with macrovascular cells.
Evaluating the Expression of Candidate Homeobox Genes and Their Role in Local-Site Inflammation in Mucosal Tissue Obtained from Children with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate
TLDR
A significant increase in protein expression for DLX4, HOXB3, and MSX2 was noted in the cleft mucosa, indicating increased cellular proliferation and highlighting the role of these genes in promotion of pro-inflammatory environment.
Expression of Homeobox Gene HLX and its Downstream Target Genes are Altered in Placentae From Discordant Twin Pregnancies
TLDR
Observations suggest an important association between HLX transcription factor expression and abnormal human placental development in discordant twin pregnancies.
The Role of HOX Genes in Human Implantation
TLDR
The endometrium undergoes an ordered process of differentiation leading to receptivity to embryonic implantation, which is necessary for implantation of the blastocyst as demonstrated by the decreased implantation rates in women with altered HOX expression.
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References

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A distal-less class homeobox gene, DLX4, is a candidate for regulating epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions in the human placenta.
A diverged homeobox gene is involved in the proliferation and lineage commitment of human hematopoietic progenitors and highly expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia.
TLDR
The inhibition of HB24 expression in CD34+ bone marrow cells via antisense (AS) oligonucleotides impaired the proliferation of these cells in response to interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, suggesting that HB24 is an important transcription factor during hematopoietic progenitor proliferation and that differentiation to specific cell types requires its downregulation.
High expression of two diverged homeobox genes, HB24 and HB9, in acute leukemias: molecular markers of hematopoietic cell immaturity.
TLDR
It is demonstrated that high levels of HB9 and HB24 expression are common features of acute leukemia and the possibility that the dysregulated expression of these two genes may contribute to leukemogenesis is suggested.
Msx1 (Hox-7.1) in the adult mouse uterus: cellular interactions underlying regulation of expression.
TLDR
The observation that Msx1 is expressed in the adult uterine epithelium and that conversion of the presumptive vaginal epithelia to uterine tissue can be elicited only during the first week of postnatal development whenMsx1 expression is detected suggests that this homeobox-containing gene plays a role in maintaining the uterus in a morphogenic and developmentally responsive state prerequisite for its unique function.
Mesoderm‐specific expression of the divergent homeobox gene Hlx during murine embryogenesis
TLDR
Overall, expression of Hlx in only a subset of individual lineage progenitors and at know sites of inductive tissue interactions, suggests that the gene regulates local patterning or growth through cell:cell signalling at those embryonic sites.
Inhibition of DLX-7 homeobox gene causes decreased expression of GATA-1 and c-myc genes and apoptosis.
TLDR
It is concluded that DLX-7 is expressed in hematopoietic cells and that the inhibition of its expression results in the decreased levels of GATA-1 and c-myc genes, with an accompanying induction of apoptosis.
Hlx homeo box gene is essential for an inductive tissue interaction that drives expansion of embryonic liver and gut.
TLDR
Targeted disruption of the Hlx gene has established that it plays a key role in visceral organogenesis, and impaired fetal hematopoiesis reflects insufficient support function provided by the minute liver.
Alternative splicing of the HOX 2.2 homeobox gene in human hematopoietic cells and murine embryonic and adult tissues.
TLDR
The HOX 2.2 homeobox gene is expressed in human hematopoietic cell lines with erythroid features and could potentially encode a 140 residue protein containing the same N-terminal sequence but lacking the homeodomain.
Isolation and identification of homeobox genes from the human placenta including a novel member of the Distal-less family, DLX4.
Homeobox gene expression in human oocytes and preembryos
TLDR
RT‐PCR products obtained from normal and unfertilized oocytes, from cleaving normal and triploid embryos, and from morulae and blastocysts were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for the presence of homeobox sequences.
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