Histological assessment of intermediate- and long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation in mice and rats.

@article{Tarnopolsky2003HistologicalAO,
  title={Histological assessment of intermediate- and long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation in mice and rats.},
  author={Mark Andrew Tarnopolsky and Jacqueline M. Bourgeois and Rodney J Snow and Susan Keys and Brian D. Roy and Jacek M. Kwiecien and John Turnbull},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology},
  year={2003},
  volume={285 4},
  pages={
          R762-9
        }
}
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation appears to be relatively safe based on data from short-term and intermediate-term human studies and results from several therapeutic trials. The purpose of the current study was to characterize pathological changes after intermediate-term and long-term CrM supplementation in mice [healthy control and SOD1 (G93A) transgenic] and rats (prednisolone and nonprednisolone treated). Histological assessment (18-20 organs/tissues) was performed on G93A mice… 
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51 References

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It is concluded that short-term CrM supplementation may have anticatabolic actions in some proteins (in men), but CrM does not increase whole body or mixed-muscle protein synthesis.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that creatine supplementation significantly increased brain creatine concentrations and delayed decreases in N-acetylaspartate concentrations, supporting a role of metabolic dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of HD and suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy to slow the pathological process.
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