Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography.

@article{Covacci1999HelicobacterPV,
  title={Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography.},
  author={Antonello Covacci and John L. Telford and Giuseppe Del Giudice and Julie Parsonnet and Roberto Rappuoli},
  journal={Science},
  year={1999},
  volume={284 5418},
  pages={
          1328-33
        }
}
Isolated for the first time in 1982 from human gastric biopsy, Helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. A pathogenicity island acquired by horizontal transfer, coding for a type IV secretion system, is a major determinant of virulence. The infection is now treated with antibiotics, and vaccines are in preparation. The geographic distribution suggests coevolution of man and Helicobacter pylori. 
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1,100 Citations

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This work has shown that H. pylori infection with the type I strain, which expresses the VacA and CagA antigen, is associated with peptic ulcer and this work aims to establish a causative mechanism behind this association.
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The possible link between the geographical distribution of cagPAI and cagA variations and gastric cancer diversity in Asia is discussed and the molecular mechanism through which CagA may be involved in gastric carcinogenesis is discussed.
Pharmacotherapy of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis
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Prevalence rates are much higher in developing countries and generally vary by geographical location, ethnic race, socio-economic conditions, and age.
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Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA.
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Strains isolated from patients contain the cagA gene (cytotoxin-associated gene A) and produce the vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA, which contributes to gastric injury caused by H. pylori infection.
Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori: A Review
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There are important H. pylori virulence factors that, along with host characteristics and the external environment, have been associated with the different occurrences of diseases and possible associations with the clinical outcome.
Virulence Genes in Helicobacter pylori Strains from West Bengal Residents with Overt H. pylori-Associated Disease and Healthy Volunteers
TLDR
Putative molecular markers of virulence (vacA, cagA, and iceA) of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from 52 adult duodenal ulcer patients from West Bengal, India, are compared and it is concluded that there are geographic variations in the association of certain putative H.pylori virulence genes with clinical status.
Helicobacter pylori and upper gastrointestinal diseases: A review
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The principal characteristics of the diseases associated with H. pylori infection are brought and some important characteristics concerning the virulence of bacterium strain, host genetics and external environment are summarized.
Study of the Expression of Helicobacter Pylori Urei Gene by RT-PCR
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The aim of present study was to produce ureI gene construct and evaluation of the expression of urease in Helicobacter pylori to produce an effective vaccine against this bacteria.
SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase and the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA
TLDR
In developed countries H. pylori infection is thought to increase the risk of gastric carcinoma by at least 6-fold, and the World Health Organization has defined it as a group I carcinogen.
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