Graphene oxide is degraded by neutrophils and the degradation products are non-genotoxic.

@article{Mukherjee2018GrapheneOI,
  title={Graphene oxide is degraded by neutrophils and the degradation products are non-genotoxic.},
  author={Sourav Prasanna Mukherjee and Anda Roxana Gliga and Beatrice Lazzaretto and Birgit D. Brandner and Matthew L. Fielden and Carmen Vogt and Leon Newman and Artur Filipe Rodrigues and Wenting Shao and Philip M. Fournier and Muhammet Sadaka Toprak and Alexander Star and Kostas Kostarelos and Kunal Bhattacharya and Bengt Fadeel},
  journal={Nanoscale},
  year={2018},
  volume={10 3},
  pages={
          1180-1188
        }
}
Neutrophils were previously shown to digest oxidized carbon nanotubes through a myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent mechanism, and graphene oxide (GO) was found to undergo degradation when incubated with purified MPO, but there are no studies to date showing degradation of GO by neutrophils. Here we produced endotoxin-free GO by a modified Hummers' method and asked whether primary human neutrophils stimulated to produce neutrophil extracellular traps or activated to undergo degranulation are… 
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Nitric oxide-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
TLDR
First evidence of biodegradation of GO in the gastrointestinal tract using zebrafish as a model is provided and inhibition of the degradation of GO resulted in increased neutrophil infiltration into theintestinal tract, indicative of inflammation.
Neutrophils Defensively Degrade Graphene Oxide in a Lateral Dimension Dependent Manner through Two Distinct Myeloperoxidase Mediated Mechanisms
TLDR
It is discovered that neutrophils defensively degrade GO in a lateral dimension dependent manner and myeloperoxidase (MPO) is identified to be a determinant mediator despite distinct neutrophil phenotypes in the biodegradation.
Biodegradation of graphene materials catalyzed by human eosinophil peroxidase.
TLDR
The biodegradability of graphene oxide (GO) by recombinant eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) enzyme extracted from human eOSinophils in the presence of a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide and NaBr is demonstrated.
Degradation of Single-Layer and Few-Layer Graphene by Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase.
TLDR
The degradation of both FLG and SLG sheets was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses, leading to the conclusion that highly dispersed pristine graphene is not biopersistent.
Biodegradation of graphdiyne oxide in classically activated (M1) macrophages modulates cytokine production.
TLDR
It is shown that GDYO elicited little or no cytotoxicity toward classically activated and alternatively activated macrophages, and elicited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a biodegradation-dependent manner.
Splenic Capture and In Vivo Intracellular Biodegradation of Biological-Grade Graphene Oxide Sheets
TLDR
It is shown that the thoroughly characterized GO materials are not associated with any detectable pathological consequences in the spleen, and direct evidence of in vivo intracellular biodegradation of GO sheets with ultrastructural precision is revealed.
Graphene oxide quantum dots stimulate indigenous bacteria to remove oil contamination.
Kupffer Cells Degrade 14C-Labeled Few-Layer Graphene to 14CO2 in Liver through Erythrophagocytosis.
TLDR
The mechanism involves the uptake of graphene by liver cells, larger graphene-induced membrane perturbation of red blood cells, and enhanced erythrophagocytosis by the Kupffer cells, resulting in the degradation of hemoglobin into hemes and a rise in iron concentrations in cells.
A Review on Prediction of Early Heart Attack Based on Degradation of Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotube using Myeloperoxidase
This paper focuses on the study of the relationship between Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Graphene Oxide (GO); and the relation between MPO and Carbon Nanotubes (CNT). Recent studies have claimed that an…
Differential Immunomodulatory Effect of Graphene Oxide and Vanillin-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line (THP-1)
TLDR
It is suggested that the rational design of safe GO-based formulations for various applications, including nanomedicine, may result in the development of risk management methods for people exposed to graphene and graphene family materials, as these nanoparticles can be used as delivery agents in various biomedical applications.
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