Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation.

@article{Hedden2012GibberellinBA,
  title={Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation.},
  author={Peter Hedden and Stephen G Thomas},
  journal={The Biochemical journal},
  year={2012},
  volume={444 1},
  pages={
          11-25
        }
}
The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized… 
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The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis
  • P. Hedden
  • Medicine, Biology
    Plant & cell physiology
  • 2020
TLDR
The current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation is described, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.
OF GIBBERELLIN SIGNALING
This review covers recent advances in gibberellins (GA) signaling. Hormones gibberellins (GAs) are a class of diterpenoid acids that control many aspects of plants’ life, including both developmental…
Gibberellins and the Red Pigments Bikaverin and Fusarubin
Filamentous fungi possess the genetic capacity to produce a huge arsenal of secondary metabolites. Those include mycotoxins that frequently contaminate our food and feed and are thus harmful to…
The Multifunctional Dioxygenases of Gibberellin Synthesis.
TLDR
Recent advances in enzymatic characterization of the multifunctional GA-oxidases, in particular, from cucumber and Arabidopsis that have been most comprehensively investigated are combined.
Mechanistic action of gibberellins in legume nodulation.
TLDR
Results from a wide range of studies indicate that GAs are required at different stages of nodulation, with an optimum, tightly regulated level being key to achieve successful nodulation.
Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110
TLDR
It is found that expression of the operon was consistently upregulated during early-stage nodulation across different rhizobia in bacteria, indicating a possible biological role of bacterial gibberellin.
Gibberellin biosynthesis by bacteria and its effect on the rhizobia-legume symbiosis
TLDR
It appears that rhizobia produce GA in order to manipulate their host during symbiosis, specifically by increasing the size of the nodules in which they reside, thereby increasing the number of bacteria within the nodule that can be released into the soil.
The gibberellin precursor GA12 acts as a long-distance growth signal in Arabidopsis
TLDR
The existence of long-range transport of endogenous GA12 in plants that may have implications for the control of developmental phase transitions and the adaptation to adverse environments is revealed.
Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism: A convergent route for plants, fungi and bacteria.
TLDR
The current evidence regarding a common pathway for GA synthesis in fungi, bacteria and plant is summarized from the genes depicted as part of the GA production cluster to the enzymes responsible for the catalytic transformations and the biosynthetical routes involved.
Evolution and diversity of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily in plants.
TLDR
The vast majority of 2OGDs from land plants were classified into the DOXC class, but only seven from Chlamydomonas, suggesting that this class has diversified during land plant evolution, partly responsible for the diversity and complexity of specialized metabolites in land plants.
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 228 REFERENCES
Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Plants and Fungi: A Case of Convergent Evolution?
As well as being phytohormones, gibberellins (GAs) are present in some fungi and bacteria. Indeed, GAs were first discovered in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, from which gibberellic acid (GA3) and…
The oxidases of gibberellin biosynthesis: Their function and mechanism
Gibberellins (GAs) are biosynthesised from the diterpene ent-kaurene by a series of oxidative reactions catalysed by two classes of enzymes. The early steps, involving transformations of highly…
Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation.
TLDR
Current understanding of the GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways in plants and fungi is summarized, and how GA concentrations in plant tissues are regulated during development and in response to environmental stimuli is discussed.
Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria.
TLDR
The current understanding of the GA biosynthesis pathway is summarized, specifically the genes and enzymes involved as well as gene regulation and localization in the genomes of different fungi and compare it with that in higher and lower plants and bacteria.
Contribution of the Mevalonate and Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathways to the Biosynthesis of Gibberellins inArabidopsis *
TLDR
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that both MVA and MEP pathways can contribute to the biosyntheses of GAs and campesterol, a cytosolic sterol, in Arabidopsisseedlings and provided evidence to suggest that the MVA pathway still contributes to GA biosynthesis when this pathway is limiting.
Auxin acts independently of DELLA proteins in regulating gibberellin levels
TLDR
Evidence is provided that the generality of the auxin-GA relationship across species and phylogenetic groups or across different tissue types and responses is not shown, and issues are discussed below as well as the need for the development of suitable experimental systems to allow this process to be examined.
Distinct and overlapping roles of two gibberellin 3-oxidases in Arabidopsis development.
TLDR
Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, it has been shown that each AtGA3ox gene exhibits a unique organ-specific expression pattern, suggesting distinct developmental roles played by individual AtGA2ox members of the Gibberellin 3-oxidase family.
Gibberellin metabolism and signaling.
TLDR
The regulation of GA hormone accumulation and signaling in the context of its role in plant growth and development is discussed.
Function and transcript analysis of gibberellin-biosynthetic enzymes in wheat
TLDR
Time course and enzyme kinetic studies indicate that the initial oxidation steps from GA12 and GA53 to the free alcohol forms of GA15 and GA44 occur rapidly but that subsequent steps occur more slowly, consistent with its accumulation in wheat tissues.
The Gibberellin 20-Oxidase of Gibberella fujikuroi Is a Multifunctional Monooxygenase*
TLDR
The functional analysis of the P450-2 gene by gene disruption and by expressing the gene in a mutant that lacks the entire GA biosynthesis gene cluster are described, providing further evidence for independent evolution of the GA biosynthetic pathways in plants and fungi.
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