Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs

@article{Frankham2008GeneticAT,
  title={Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs},
  author={Richard Frankham},
  journal={Molecular Ecology},
  year={2008},
  volume={17}
}
  • R. Frankham
  • Published 1 January 2008
  • Biology
  • Molecular Ecology
As wild environments are often inhospitable, many species have to be captive‐bred to save them from extinction. In captivity, species adapt genetically to the captive environment and these genetic adaptations are overwhelmingly deleterious when populations are returned to wild environments. I review empirical evidence on (i) the genetic basis of adaptive changes in captivity, (ii) factors affecting the extent of genetic adaptation to captivity, and (iii) means for minimizing its deleterious… 
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479 Citations
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479 Citations

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The efficiency of close inbreeding to reduce genetic adaptation to captivity
TLDR
This work used quantitative genetic individual-based simulations to model the effect of genetic management on the evolution of a quantitative trait and the associated fitness of wild-born individuals that are brought to captivity and found that half-sib mating is more effective in reducing genetic adaptation to captivity than the gc/mc method.
Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs: A review
Inbreeding and selection shape genomic diversity in captive populations: Implications for the conservation of endangered species
TLDR
To better understand the evolutionary response of species bred in captivity, SNPs in populations of white-footed mice were used to measure the impact of breeding regimes on genomic diversity and genomic diversity was significantly related to fitness.
Widespread selective sweeps affecting microsatellites in Drosophila populations adapting to captivity: Implications for captive breeding programs
Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success
Genetic adaptation to captivity can occur in a single generation
TLDR
It is demonstrated that a single generation in captivity can result in a substantial response to selection on traits that are beneficial in captivity but severely maladaptive in the wild.
Population correlates of rapid captive‐induced maladaptation in a wild fish
TLDR
Trait values and lifetime success were highly variable across populations following one generation of captivity, suggesting that captivity generates maladaptation within one generation.
Genetic impacts of conservation management actions in a critically endangered parrot species
TLDR
The study suggests that translocation of wild individuals into captivity, from wild populations in decline, can potentially have deleterious lasting impacts on genetic diversity levels in these populations, but also confirms that in captivity, founder diversity can be successfully preserved over time, and addition of wild founders can improve captive population health.
Evolution of Peromyscus leucopus Mice in Response to a Captive Environment
TLDR
It is found that adaptation to captivity can be rapid, affecting reproductive patterns and behaviors, even under breeding protocols designed to minimize the rate of genetic change due to random drift and inadvertent selection.
A Conservation Hatchery Population of Delta Smelt Shows Evidence of Genetic Adaptation to Captivity After 9 Generations
TLDR
It is suggested changes in fish rearing practices at the FCCL to reduce genetic adaptation to captivity, as delta smelt numbers in the wild continue to decline and the use of FCCL fish for reintroduction becomes more likely.
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References

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TLDR
A framework for predicting the impact of factors on the rate of genetic adaptation to captivity is suggested and introduction of genes from the wild, increasing the generation interval, using captive environments close to those in the wild and achieving low mortality rates are all expected to slow genetic adaptations to captivity.
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TLDR
Most recommendations on the genetic management of captive populations have been concerned with the effects of genetic drift, and the size of an ideal population that has the same rate of increase in homozygosity or gene-frequency drift as the actual population under investigation is estimated.
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TLDR
Questions are raised about the ability of equalization of family sizes to reduce genetic deterioration that adversely affects reintroduction success for captive populations of endangered species.
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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TLDR
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