Gauge Invariance and Mass
@article{Schwinger1962GaugeIA, title={Gauge Invariance and Mass}, author={J. Schwinger}, journal={Physical Review}, year={1962}, volume={125}, pages={2425-2429} }
It is argued that the gauge invariance of a vector field does not necessarily imply zero mass for an associated particle if the current vector coupling is sufficiently strong. This situation may permit a deeper understanding of nucleonic charge conservation as a manifestation of a gauge invariance, without the obvious conflict with experience that a massless particle entails. (auth)
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