Fusion pore stability of peptidergic vesicles

@article{Jorgaevski2010FusionPS,
  title={Fusion pore stability of peptidergic vesicles},
  author={Jernej Jorga{\vc}evski and Miha Fo{\vs}nari{\vc} and Nina Vardjan and Matja{\vz} Stenovec and Maja Potokar and Marko Kreft and Veronika Kralj-Igli{\vc} and Ale{\vs} Igli{\vc} and Robert Zorec},
  journal={Molecular Membrane Biology},
  year={2010},
  volume={27},
  pages={65 - 80}
}
Abstract It is believed that in regulated exocytosis the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane in response to a physiological stimulus. However, in the absence of stimulation, repetitive transient fusion events are also observed, reflecting a stable state. The mechanisms by which the initial fusion pore attains stability are poorly understood. We modelled energetic stability of the fusion pore by taking into account the anisotropic, intrinsic shape of the membrane constituents and… 
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Fusion pore regulation in peptidergic vesicles.
Phases of the exocytotic fusion pore
TLDR
The regulation of fusion pore expansion or closure is key to regulate the release of neurotransmitters and hormones and the implications in the modes of exocytosis are discussed.
Ångstrom-size exocytotic fusion pore: Implications for pituitary hormone secretion
Fusion Pore Diameter Regulation by Cations Modulating Local Membrane Anisotropy
TLDR
The model hypothesis is that the openings and closings of the fusion pore are driven by changes in the local concentration of cations in the connected vesicle, which may affect local membrane anisotropy, which reduces the spontaneous curvature and thus leads to the opening of the plasma membrane.
Exocytotic fusion pore under stress
TLDR
Post-fusion mechanisms that regulate fusion pore stability are considered, reflecting the state in which the forces of widening and constriction of fusion pores are balanced.
Exocytotic fusion pore stability and topological defects in the membrane with orientational degree of ordering.
Fusion Pores, SNAREs, and Exocytosis
TLDR
To explain the stability of the initial narrow fusion pores, anisotropic membrane constituents with non-axisymmetrical shape were proposed to accumulate in the fusion pore membrane, including SNAREs, which may facilitate and regulate the pre- and post-fusional stages of exocytosis.
Exocytotic fusion pores as a target for therapy.
Redistribution of cholesterol from vesicle to plasmalemma controls fusion pore geometry
TLDR
Evidence is provided to show that cholesterol, a membrane constituent, determines a radial force constricting the fusion pore, revealing that the fusionpore functions as a proteolipidic structure.
Fusion pore in exocytosis: More than an exit gate? A β-cell perspective.
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References

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Subnanometer Fusion Pores in Spontaneous Exocytosis of Peptidergic Vesicles
TLDR
Analysis of the permeation of FM 4-64 dye and HEPES molecules through spontaneously forming fusion pores in lactotroph vesicles expressing synaptopHluorin, a pH-dependent fluorescent fusion marker, indicates an open fusion pore diameter much smaller than the neuropeptides.
Elementary properties of spontaneous fusion of peptidergic vesicles: fusion pore gating
TLDR
The elementary properties of spontaneous and stimulated peptidergic vesicle discharge which appears to be modulated by fusion pore conductance (diameter) and fusion p pores gating are addressed.
Properties of the fusion pore that forms during exocytosis of a mast cell secretory vesicle
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TLDR
This Review will present current knowledge about fusion pores in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis, highlight recent advances and relate questions about fusion pore to broader issues concerning how cells regulate exocyTosis and how nerve terminals release neurotransmitter.
Stabilization of Pores in Lipid Bilayers by Anisotropic Inclusions
Pores in lipid bilayers are usually not stable; they shrink because of the highly unfavorable line tension of the pore rim. Even in the presence of charged lipids or certain additives such as…
The Effects of Vesicular Volume on Secretion through the Fusion Pore in Exocytotic Release from PC12 Cells
TLDR
First evidence indicating that vesicular volume before secretion is strongly correlated with the characteristics of amperometric foot events is presented, providing new insight into how vesicle volume can modulate the activity of the exocytotic fusion pore is provided.
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TLDR
The results indicate that, in hypotonicity-stimulated lactotrophs, transient vesicle fusion mediates hormone release and only rarely elicited new fusion events in silent membrane patches.
The exocytotic fusion pore of small granules has a conductance similar to an ion channel
TLDR
Capacitance changes in cell attached patches of human neutrophils are measured using a high frequency lock-in method and it is shown that the opening of individual fusion pores is resolved during exocytosis of 200 nm vesicles suggesting that the initial fusion pore is formed by a protein complex.
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TLDR
It is concluded that mild stimuli trigger slow fusion events that do not rely on a short intermembrane distance and is essential to a component of the secretory response elicited by robust stimuli and characterized by rapid dilation of the fusion pore.
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TLDR
It is proposed that SNARE/lipid complexes form proteolipid fusion pores and that SNAP-25Δ9 (lacking the last nine C-terminal residues) will be less tightly zipped and may lead to a longer fusion pore structure, consistent with the observed decrease of fusion pores conductance.
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