Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning and memory system.

@article{Hochner2010FunctionalAC,
  title={Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning and memory system.},
  author={Binyamin Hochner},
  journal={Frontiers in bioscience},
  year={2010},
  volume={2},
  pages={
          764-71
        }
}
  • B. Hochner
  • Published 2010
  • Biology
  • Frontiers in bioscience
The octopus and its close relatives the cuttlefish and squid are the most advanced of the invertebrates, possessing the largest brains both in weight and cell numbers. Here I review recent studies of the neurophysiological properties of the vertical lobe system (VL) in the cephalopod brain, a system already thought to be dedicated to learning and memory. Summarizing from the point of view of comparative evolution, I relate these results to other systems where anatomical and electrophysiological… 
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The vertical lobe of cephalopods: an attractive brain structure for understanding the evolution of advanced learning and memory systems
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It is shown that the cephalopod vertical lobe (VL) provides a good system for assessing the level of evolutionary convergence of the function and organization of neuronal circuitry for mediating learning and memory in animals with complex behavior and the properties of the neurons, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and mechanisms of long-term potentiation induction and maintenance are highly variable among different species.
The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition1
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Free of the molluscan shell and with evolutionary pressure from the bony fishes, coleoids have evolved a specialty in cognition and they may have a simple form of consciousness.
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Cephalopod Brains: An Overview of Current Knowledge to Facilitate Comparison With Vertebrates
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A critical analysis of cephalopod neural systems showing similarities to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, midbrain, cerebellum, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord of vertebrates is described.
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Enriched Environment Increases PCNA and PARP1 Levels in Octopus vulgaris Central Nervous System: First Evidence of Adult Neurogenesis in Lophotrochozoa
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The experimental data obtained by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poli (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as marker of cell proliferation and synaptogenesis, respectively, reviled cell proliferation in areas of brain involved in learning, memory, and sensory stimuli integration.
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It is found that GABAergic neurons and their axons were distributed throughout the brain of young S. lessoniana, and the involvement of GABA in both cognitive behaviors (such as learning and memory) and in movement isested.
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