From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction
@article{Hassan2013FromKT, title={From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction}, author={Zurina Hassan and Mustapha Muzaimi and Visweswaran Navaratnam and Nurul H. M. Yusoff and Farah Wahida Suhaimi and Raja Kumar Vadivelu and Balasingam Kasinather Vicknasingam and Davide Amato and Stephan von H{\"o}rsten and Nurul Iman W. Ismail and Nanthini Jayabalan and Ammar Imad Hazim and Sharif Mahsofi Mansor and Christian P. M{\"u}ller}, journal={Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews}, year={2013}, volume={37}, pages={138-151} }
246 Citations
Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom)
- Biology, PsychologyAddiction biology
- 2016
Findings provide evidence for an addiction potential with cognitive impairments for mitragynine, which suggest its classification as a harmful drug.
Kratom and Future Treatment for the Opioid Addiction and Chronic Pain: Periculo Beneficium?
- BiologyCurrent drug targets
- 2019
The aim of this review is to highlight on the potential use of kratom, unique 'herbs" as a substitution therapy for chronic pain and opioid addiction, based on the neurobiological perspective of pain and the underlying mechanism of actions of drug addiction.
Case Report: Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With a Classical Tricyclic Antidepressant
- BiologyFrontiers in Psychiatry
- 2021
The case of a patient who developed anxiety and dysphoric mood and insomnia while using kratom, with these symptoms persisting after withdrawal, is described.
The effect of mitragynine on extracellular activity of brain dopamine and its metabolites
- BiologyBrain Research Bulletin
- 2022
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kratom.
- BiologyACS chemical neuroscience
- 2019
The traditional and medicinal uses of kratom are reviewed along with the synthesis of its bioactive ingredients, their pharmacology, metabolism, and structure-activity relationships, and the importance in society of this currently controversial substance are discussed.
eview eurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine arah
- Biology
- 2016
Current researchs on its main indole alkaloid, mitragynine suggest both therapeutic and addictive potential but further research on its molecular effects is needed.
Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) extract
- Biology, PsychologyPsychopharmacology
- 2013
The results obtained in drug-naïve mice demonstrate weak behavioral effects mediated via μ and λ opioid receptors, indicating that the analgesic effect is mediated via κ opioid receptors.
Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)
- Biology, MedicineJournal of clinical pharmacology
- 2021
Until studies are conducted that define kratom's role in treating opioid withdrawal and/or other central nervous system conditions, kratom will likely remain available as a dietary supplement for the foreseeable future.
The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse
- MedicineInternational Journal of Legal Medicine
- 2015
There are currently no standard analytical screening techniques for mitragynine and its metabolites following ingestion limiting its detection to more sophisticated techniques like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine kratom use.
References
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Both ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods have been developed and validated for monitoring the major alkaloids and metabolites found in urine following kratom use and the presence of analytes is confirmed by an information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion procedure generating full fragmentation data used to positively identify detected analytes.
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The predominant alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine, binds mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, but has additional receptor affinities that might augment its effectiveness at mitigating opioid withdrawal.
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Effect of acute administration of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. standardized methanol extract in animal model of learning and memory
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This study showed significant improvement in learning acquisition in the M. speciosa standardized methanol extract treated group compared to controls, however no benefit was observed on memory consolidation, in both passive and active avoidance tests.