Female ejaculation: Perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness

@article{Darling1990FemaleEP,
  title={Female ejaculation: Perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness},
  author={Carol Anderson Darling and J. Kenneth Davidson and Colleen Conway-Welch},
  journal={Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  year={1990},
  volume={19},
  pages={29-47}
}
Despite earlier contrary claims, some researchers have recently reported a possible homologous female prostate gland that is potentially involved in a sudden spurt of fluid being released at the moment of orgasm. A number of medical authorities have speculated that this fluid is urine. To alleviate concerns about the possible release of urine during orgasmic response as well as to contribute to a further understanding of physiological and psychological sexual satisfaction, we examined a series… 
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70 Citations

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The study aims to clarify the etiology of fluid leakage at orgasm, distinguish between associated physiological sexual responses, and differentiate these phenomena from symptoms of illness.
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There is sufficient evidence to support the existence of the phenomenon of female ejaculation, and various hypotheses from an anatomical and physiological perspective are presented.
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Evidence is presented that female ejaculation (FE) or squirting (SQ) are similar but etiologically different phenomena, and that SQ is a massive transurethral orgasmic expulsion from the urinary bladder, while FE is the secretion of a very small amount of fluid from the paraUREthral glands.
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The present data based on ultrasonographic bladder monitoring and biochemical analyses indicate that squirting is essentially the involuntary emission of urine during sexual activity, although a marginal contribution of prostatic secretions to the emitted fluid often exists.
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The current work is a trial to review the literature pertaining to female ejaculation to shed some light on this controversial subject.
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An online questionnaire has been designed and published internationally and data from 320 women who perceive ejaculation could be acquired, finding that most women and their partners perceive female ejaculation as an enrichment of their sexual lives.
The female prostate revisited: perineal ultrasound and biochemical studies of female ejaculate.
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Data of the two premenopausal women presented further underline the concept of the female prostate both as an organ itself and as the source of female ejaculation.
Differential diagnostics of female “sexual” fluids: a narrative review
TLDR
Squirting, FE, and CI are different phenomena with various mechanisms and could be differentiated according to source, quantity, expulsion mechanism, and subjective feelings during sexual activities.
Do women with female ejaculation have detrusor overactivity?
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Women who experience female ejaculation may have normal voiding patterns, no bothersome incontinence symptoms, and no demonstrable detrusor overactivity.
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References

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A review of female ejaculation and the Grafenberg spot.
TLDR
It is indicated that there is insufficient evidence to accept or reject the concept of female ejaculation on scientific grounds, and the claim that "female ejaculate" is similar to semen from a vasectomized male is without foundation.
The Grafenberg spot and female ejaculation: a review of initial hypotheses.
TLDR
Gynecologists found an area similar to other descriptions of the Grafenberg Spot in four of the 11 women and Examination of the ejaculate of six women failed to detect elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and the substance appeared similar in biochemical properties to urine.
Female ejaculation: A case study
TLDR
Objective evidence is provided supporting the hypothesis that female ejaculation, a partial, infertile homologue of male ejaculation exists.
Concerning female ejaculation and the female prostate
TLDR
Findings establish that more similarities than differences exist between men and women in coital responses.
The "G spot" and "female ejaculation": a current appraisal.
TLDR
Evidence in support of the "G spot"--defined as a discrete anatomical structure located on the anterior vaginal wall, which swells upon being tactilely stimulated--is inconclusive, and, in the event of its existence, no evidence has been produced linking it to Skene's glands.
Pelvic muscle strength of female ejaculators: Evidence in support of a new theory of orgasm
Abstract Kegel's theory (1952a) concerning the sexual importance of the pubococ‐cygeus muscle was combined with Singer's theory (1973) of “uterine” orgasms to produce the hypothesis that women who…
Orgasmic expulsions of women: A review and heuristic inquiry
Abstract A literature review supplemented interviews with informants who were confident they had personal experience with female orgasmic expulsion. It was concluded that female ejaculation of…
An investigation into the origins of a copious vaginal discharge during intercourse: “enough to wet the bed”‐that “is not urine”
A case study of large‐volume vaginal discharge during intercourse originally prepared in 1979, is described, as is the course of investigation into its origin. It is argued that this “wetting of the…
Orgasm in women in the laboratory—quantitative studies on duration, intensity, latency, and vaginal blood flow
TLDR
Sexual arousal by clitoral self-stimulation was used by healthy, young adult women volunteers to induce orgasm in the laboratory and data obtained on the duration of orgasm from questionnaires or interviews have suspect validity.
Relationships among intravaginal pressure, orgasmic function, parity factors, and urinary leakage
TLDR
Women's ability to contract pelvic musculature voluntarily was related to reports of ability to have orgasm, parity, and urinary leakage problems, and there were negative relationships between strength of voluntary pelvic muscle contractions and parity, weight of the largest baby, and a woman's age.
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