Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation

@article{Li2011ExogenousSM,
  title={Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation},
  author={Y. Li and Silvia Innocentin and David R. Withers and Natalie A. Roberts and Alec R. Gallagher and Elena F Grigorieva and Christoph Wilhelm and Marc Veldhoen},
  journal={Cell},
  year={2011},
  volume={147},
  pages={629-640}
}
The body's surfaces form the interface with the external environment, protecting the host. These epithelial barriers are also colonized by a controlled diversity of microorganisms, disturbances of which can give rise to disease. Specialized intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which reside at these sites, are important as a first line of defense as well as in epithelial barrier organization and wound repair. We show here that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a crucial regulator in… 
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in innate T cell immunity
TLDR
This work will discuss the recent observations concerning the AhR in relation to the function and maintenance of innate T cells, with focus on γδ T cells found enriched at epithelial barriers.
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Progress in this field is reviewed and how targeting AHR activation may impact disease is discussed, which is critical for maintaining homeostasis and triggering pathology by modulating the biological responses of critical cell types at the barrier and mucosal interfaces.
Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Controlling Maintenance and Functional Programs of RORγt+ Innate Lymphoid Cells and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes
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The role of AhR signaling for the maintenance of intestinal immune cells and its impact on the immunological protection against intestinal infections and debilitating chronic inflammatory disorders is reviewed.
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AhR represents the first evidence of a molecular link between diet and immunity at intestinal mucosal surfaces and mediates the maintenance of Retinoic acid related orphan receptor γ t-expressing innate lymphoid cells (RORγt+ ILC) in the gut and consequently formation of postnatal lymphoid follicles.
A catch‐22: Interleukin‐22 and cancer
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The diverse roles of IL‐22 for the malignant transformation of epithelial cells, for tumor growth, wound healing and tissue repair, and as a potential therapeutic target are summarized.
Development, Homeostasis, and Functions of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes
TLDR
The biology of iIELs are reviewed, which show unique phenotypic, developmental, and functional properties that reflect their key roles in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier and how their dysregulation can contribute to disease.
Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells
TLDR
A comprehensive overview of IEL physiology and how they interact with the IECs and contribute to immune surveillance to preserve intestinal homeostasis and host-microbial relationships is provided.
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TLDR
There is an increasing appreciation that the microbiota affects systemic immune responses in addition to local immunity, and some of the current understanding of the impact of immune cells and diet on the microbiota is discussed.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in inflammatory bowel disease: linking the environment to disease pathogenesis
TLDR
Novel findings in the role of AhR in regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation may help explain how environmental factors may regulate mucosal immune responses.
Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis - harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota.
TLDR
The physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and PXR are outlined, with a focus on ligands generated by the step-wise catabolism of tryptophan.
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