Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus.

@article{Azhar2014EvidenceFC,
  title={Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus.},
  author={Esam Ibraheem Azhar and Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy and Suha Abdulall Farraj and Ahmed Mohamed Hassan and Muneera S Al-Saeed and Anwar M. Hashem and Tariq A. Madani},
  journal={The New England journal of medicine},
  year={2014},
  volume={370 26},
  pages={
          2499-505
        }
}
We describe the isolation and sequencing of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) obtained from a dromedary camel and from a patient who died of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection after close contact with camels that had rhinorrhea. Nasal swabs collected from the patient and from one of his nine camels were positive for MERS-CoV RNA. In addition, MERS-CoV was isolated from the patient and the camel. The full genome sequences of the two isolates were identical. Serologic… 
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Because a proportion of case-patients do not report direct contact with camels or with persons who have symptomatic MERS, further research is needed to conclusively determine additional mechanisms of transmission, to inform public health practice, and to refine current precautionary recommendations.
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The evidence supporting a bat/camel origin of human MERS-CoV infection and current knowledge on the modes of camel-to-human transmission of MSPS are reviewed.
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While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited.
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All published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population is compiled and analysed to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels.
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