Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 2: comparison of anion gap, strong ion gap, and semiquantitative analysis.

@article{Hopper2014EvaluationOA,
  title={Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 2: comparison of anion gap, strong ion gap, and semiquantitative analysis.},
  author={Kate Hopper and Stephen E. Epstein and Philip H Kass and Matthew S. Mellema},
  journal={Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care},
  year={2014},
  volume={24 5},
  pages={
          502-8
        }
}
OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic performance of the anion gap (AG) with 2 physicochemical approaches to identify unmeasured anions. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eighty-four dogs and 14 cats presenting to a university teaching hospital emergency room. INTERVENTIONS All dogs and cats in which venous blood samples for acid-base, lactate, and serum biochemical analysis were all collected within 60 minutes of each other, over a 5-month… 
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Citation Type

Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 1: comparison of three methods of acid-base analysis.
TLDR
The physicochemical approaches diagnosed more acid-base abnormalities in this population than the traditional approach although many of the abnormalities identified were small and of unknown clinical relevance.
Evaluation of the association between strong ion acid–base disturbances and mortality in dogs: a retrospective study
TLDR
It is suggested that initial acid–base abnormalities have limited prognostic utility and that various analysis systems can be used to assess acid– base disturbances in critically ill dogs.
A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalance in 87 cats
TLDR
Traditional methods, as well as the Stewart method based on strong ion difference concepts and the Fencl–Stewart method, can be used to analyze the underlying causes of acid–base imbalance and develop the appropriate treatment.
Determination of reference intervals of acid‐base parameters in clinically healthy dogs
OBJECTIVE To establish reference intervals for traditionally- and Stewart's approach-determined acid-base parameters in a population of clinically healthy dogs. DESIGN Prospective study (June…
Diagnostic utility of different models used to assess the acid-base balance in cats with chronic kidney disease.
TLDR
It is concluded that ABB analysis using the classic model enabled the detection of ABB disorders in cats in stage IV CKD, and the analysis of the AG, AGcorr and Cl-/Na+ values enabled the diagnosis of acid-base balance disorders in Cats with IRIS stage II, III andIV CKD.
Semiquantitative acid-base analysis in dogs with typical hypoadrenocorticism.
TLDR
The semiquantitative approach to acid-base analysis provides greater insight into the underlying mechanisms of metabolic acid- base abnormalities in these dogs, particularly because lactic acidosis appears to be a minor influence in most cases.
Changes in the SIDActual and SID Effective Values in the Course of Respiratory Acidosis in Horses With Symptomatic Severe Equine Asthma-An Experimental Study.
Chloride:Sodium Ratio May Accurately Predict Corrected Chloride Disorders and the Presence of Unmeasured Anions in Dogs and Cats
TLDR
In dogs and cats, site-specific reference values for the [Cl−]:[Na+] ratio and [Cl+] − [Cl−] difference accurately identify corrected chloride abnormalities and may aid identification of the presence of unmeasured anions.
Identifying hydric, electrolytic and acid-base imbalances through traditional and quantitative approaches in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
TLDR
Quantitative approach proved to be superior in identification of possible acid-base imbalances in puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and to compare the traditional and quantitative approaches to acid- base status interpretation.
Multivariable analysis of the association between electrolyte disturbances and mortality in cats
TLDR
The present study suggests that measurement of electrolyte concentrations is an important component of the assessment of cats in emergency rooms or intensive care units, and multivariable modelling suggested that these electrolyte disturbances were associated with non-survival and with death from natural causes independent of each other.
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 54 REFERENCES
Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 1: comparison of three methods of acid-base analysis.
TLDR
The physicochemical approaches diagnosed more acid-base abnormalities in this population than the traditional approach although many of the abnormalities identified were small and of unknown clinical relevance.
Comparison of three different methods of evaluation of metabolic acid-base disorders*
TLDR
In this large group of critically ill patients, diagnostic performance of the Stewart approach exceeded that of HCO−3 and BE, however, when AGcorrected was included in the analysis, theStewart approach did not offer any diagnostic or prognostic advantages.
Diagnosis of acid-base derangements and mortality prediction in the trauma intensive care unit: the physiochemical approach.
TLDR
Unmeasured anions are the most common component of metabolic acidosis in trauma intensive care unit patients and the physiochemical approach can significantly alter the acid-base diagnosis compared with conventional measures.
Unmeasured anions identified by the Fencl-Stewart method predict mortality better than base excess, anion gap, and lactate in patients in the pediatric intensive care unit.
TLDR
Critically ill patients with normal BE and normal AG frequently have elevated unmeasured anions detectable by BEua, and the Fencl-Stewart method is better than BE and similar to AG in identifying patients with high lactate levels.
Diagnosing metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: bridging the anion gap, Stewart, and base excess methods
TLDR
While all three methods correctly identify metabolic acidosis due to unmeasured anions, which is a predictor of mortality, it remains unclear if further delineation of complex metabolic acid–base disorders using the Stewart physiochemical or the modified base excess methods is clinically beneficial.
Acid–base status of critically ill patients with acute renal failure: analysis based on Stewart–Figge methodology
TLDR
Quantitative acid–base assessment (Stewart–Figge methodology) revealed unique multiple metabolic acid– base processes compared with controls, which contributed to the overall acidosis.
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TLDR
It is shown how hypoalbuminemia lowers the anion gap, which can mask a significant gap acidosis; and to derive a correction factor for it, which is adjusted for the effect of abnormal serum albumin concentrations.
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  • Medicine
    Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
  • 2007
TLDR
Calculation of the serum anion gap remains an inexpensive and effective tool that aids detection of various acid-base disorders, hematologic malignancies, and intoxications.
Diagnosis of metabolic acid-base disturbances in critically ill patients.
We compare two commonly used diagnostic approaches, one relying on plasma bicarbonate concentration and "anion gap," the other on "base excess," with a third method based on physicochemical…
The strong ion gap does not have prognostic value in critically ill patients in a mixed medical/surgical adult ICU
TLDR
In this group of patients the SIG, SIDeff, and SIGapp appear to offer no advantage in prediction of outcome and their use as prognostic markers can therefore not be advocated.
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