Estradiol gel: review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in menopausal women

@article{Naunton2006EstradiolGR,
  title={Estradiol gel: review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in menopausal women},
  author={Mark Naunton and Asmar F. Y. Al Hadithy and Jacobus R B J Brouwers and David F Archer},
  journal={Menopause},
  year={2006},
  volume={13},
  pages={517-527}
}
Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a gel containing estradiol that is applied to the skin. Design: MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were conducted from 1966 to March 2005. Additional references were identified from bibliographies from selected studies in addition to approved product information. Results: Estradiol gel is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women, and moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and… Expand
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Low-Dose Estradiol Spray: a Novel Treatment for Vasomotor Instability in Postmenopausal Women
TLDR
The spray is a well-tolerated, cosmetically attractive and convenient method of delivering low-dose, transdermal estradiol, achieving the advantages of estradio patches, creams and gels but with minimal skin reaction, patient inconvenience or cosmetic shortcomings associated withtransdermal methods. Expand
Transdermal estradiol gel for the treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women
TLDR
A transdermal gel with 0.75 mg estradiol was the lowest practical dose that effectively reduced the frequency and severity of moderate to severe hot flushes, improved VMI, and was well tolerated. Expand
Transdermal delivery of bioidentical estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy: a clinical review
TLDR
FDA approved transdermal estradiol products are the preferred formulation and route for HT, along with a progestogen for women with a uterus, given their efficacy and superior safety profile. Expand
for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause
TLDR
Estradiol gel 0.1% (Divigel ®) is a low-dose, ‘patchless’ transdermal formulation of a bioidentical estrogen that has been demonstrated to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of moderateto-severe hot flushes. Expand
Clinical efficacy of estradiol transdermal system in the treatment of hot flashes in postmenopausal women
TLDR
Transdermal estrogens constitute an effective treatment for menopausal hot flashes and may have additional beneficial effects compared with oral treatment, given that first-pass hepatic metabolism is avoided using the transdermal route. Expand
Menopausal Hormone Therapy to Prevent Chronic Conditions
TLDR
Findings from randomized clinical trials, as well as preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic studies, clarify the favorable benefit-risk profile for MHT use by recently menopausal women with bothersome vasomotor and related menopausal symptoms. Expand
Low-Dose Estradiol Spray to Treat Vasomotor Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial
TLDR
The three dose levels of E2 spray achieved efficacy at 0.021–0.040 mg/d delivery rates, and was a well-tolerated, new, convenient method of delivering low-dose E2 transdermally. Expand
Do different delivery systems of hormone therapy have different effects on psychological symptoms in surgically menopausal women? A randomized controlled trial.
TLDR
Oral, intranasal and percutaneous gel estradiol therapies significantly improve menopausal and psychological symptoms in surgically menopausal women with oral route better than transdermal gel and intran asal modalities against depressive mood. Expand
Bioidentical Hormones for Menopausal Therapy
TLDR
In this review, the rationale behind the use of bioidentical hormones is discussed, along with the evidence supporting the using of compounded and FDA-approved bioidenticals products. Expand
Menopause and the Skin
TLDR
HRT helps to maintain or restore collagen and skin thickness, possibly dampening of the pace of development of fine wrinkles, increasing skin strength, improving acute wound healing rates, and perhaps preventing skin breakdown in elderly postmenopausal women. Expand
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References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 79 REFERENCES
Estradiol gel in the treatment of menopausal symptoms: a placebo-controlled double-blind case study of efficacy and safety.
TLDR
Percutaneous estradiol delivered in an alcohol-water gel is effective in treating climacteric symptoms and is an attractive alternative to both oral and transdermal patch administration of estrogen. Expand
Estradiol Gel in the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms: A Placebo‐Controlled Double‐Blind Case Study of Efficacy and Safety
  • C. March
  • Medicine
  • Southern medical journal
  • 1992
TLDR
Percutaneous estradiol delivered in an alcohol-water gel is effective in treating climacteric symptoms and is an attractive alternative to both oral and transdermal patch administration of estrogen. Expand
Percutaneous 17&bgr;-estradiol gel for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women
TLDR
17&bgr;-estradiol gel was effective and well tolerated for alleviating moderate-to-severe hot flushes in postmenopausal women. Expand
Transdermal hormone therapy: gels and patches
  • G. Samsioe
  • Medicine
  • Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society
  • 2004
TLDR
Patch and gel formulations are equally as effective in treating climacteric symptoms and improving bone mineral density, and the effects are comparable to those achieved by oral HT. Expand
Comparison of the transdermal delivery of estradiol from two gel formulations.
TLDR
In vitro percutaneous penetration of estradiol from the formulations through epidermal membranes prepared from excised female human thing skin suggested that the two formulations are bioequivalent at the recommended dose levels. Expand
Effects of transdermal oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: a comparative study of an oestradiol gel and an oestradiol delivering patch
TLDR
To compare the efficacy, safety and tolerability of an oestradiol gel and patch in hormone replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, dydrogesterone tablets were used as the progestogen component of the therapy. Expand
Comparative endocrinological and clinical effects of percutaneous estradiol and oral conjugated estrogens as replacement therapy in menopausal women.
TLDR
The present data indicate that Oestrogel provides efficient relief of climacteric and urogenital symptoms without exerting any detectable effect on hepatic function while maintaining the ratio of serum E2/E1 at the physiological value of 1.0. Expand
Comparison of gel and patch estradiol replacement in Brazil, a tropical country.
TLDR
The use of 17- beta estradiol in gel presented fewer local skin reactions, was more effective in alleviating the symptoms of hypoestrogenism and had better acceptance in hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women, as compared with the 17-betaEstradiol patch. Expand
Uterine and Vaginal Effects of Unopposed Ultralow-Dose Transdermal Estradiol
TLDR
During 2 years of treatment with ultralow-dose unopposed estradiol, treatment and placebo groups had similar rates of endometrial hyperplasia, endometrian proliferation, and vaginal bleeding. Expand
Acceptability and skin reactions to transdermal estrogen replacement therapy in relation to climate.
TLDR
No difference in acceptability of the treatment was found in relation to the mean temperature and mean humidity as registered in the dry desert and the humid coastal areas, while skin reactions in this study did not influence the rate of skin reactions. Expand
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