Endoscopic implantation of Plexiglas (PMMA) microspheres for the treatment of GERD.

@article{Feretis2001EndoscopicIO,
  title={Endoscopic implantation of Plexiglas (PMMA) microspheres for the treatment of GERD.},
  author={Christos Feretis and Paul Benakis and Christos Dimopoulos and Apostolos Dailianas and P Filalithis and Konstantinos M. Stamou and Andreas J. Manouras and Nickolaos Apostolidis},
  journal={Gastrointestinal endoscopy},
  year={2001},
  volume={53 4},
  pages={
          423-6
        }
}
BACKGROUND A gelatinous implant containing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads is successfully used to augment the diminished thickness of the chorium in patients with skin defects and wrinkles. The aim of the present study was to determine whether submucosal injection of PMMA microspheres into the lower esophageal folds decreases the severity of symptoms and acid reflux in patients with GERD. METHODS Endoscopic submucosal implantation of PMMA was carried out in 10 patients with GERD who were… 
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Endoscopic lower esophageal sphincter bulking for the treatment of GERD: safety evaluation of injectable polymethylmethacrylate microspheres in miniature swine.
Endoscopic implantation of polymethylmethacrylate augments the gastroesophageal antireflux barrier: a short-term study in a porcine model
TLDR
Endoscopic implantation of PMMA in the distal esophagus augments the antireflux barrier 28 days after the procedure, however, esophageal perforation points to the need for technical refinements to make the procedure safer.
Endoscopic augmentation of the esophagogastric junction with polymethylmethacrylate: durability, safety, and efficacy after 6 months in mini-pigs
TLDR
Endoscopic augmentation of the esophagogastric junction with PMMA was durable and had no complications after 6 months in mini-pigs, however, the occurrence of implants in the subserosa requires technical refinement before use in clinical trials.
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TLDR
Endoscopically directed implantation of a biocompatible polymer into the esophageal wall can be accomplished with a high degree of accuracy.
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Lower esophageal sphincter augmentation by endoscopic injection of dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer in a porcine gastroesophageal reflux disease model.
Endoscopic treatments for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
TLDR
All procedures described to date are limited by the absence of large, rigorously controlled trials against a form of treatment that has been proven to be both safe and effective (medical therapy).
Prospective randomized controlled trial of an injectable esophageal prosthesis versus a sham procedure for endoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
TLDR
The GK procedure was associated with some serious but infrequent complications and no statistically significant difference in outcomes was observed between the treatment and control groups at 6 months compared with baseline.
Development of an implant to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
TLDR
A new method for producing a ring shaped polymer implant, which is to be placed around the oesophagus and passively support the sphincter, with the novel technique of using water as a foaming agent to produce a gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) implant.
Endoscopic radiofrequency versus a sham procedure for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
TLDR
Medical treatment was associated with poorer pH control than Stretta after complete stoppage of drugs and most of the patients who had GERD symptoms and esophagitis relapsed within 6 months after medical treatment cessation.
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