• DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-72093-7
• Corpus ID: 47018069

Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals

@inproceedings{Seyedmousavi2018EmergingAE,
  title={Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals},
  author={Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi and G. Sybren de Hoog and Jacques Guillot and Paul E. Verweij},
  booktitle={Springer International Publishing},
  year={2018}
}

• S. Seyedmousavi, G. S. Hoog, +1 author P. Verweij
• Published in
  Springer International…
  11 June 2018
• Biology

Over 625 fungal species have been reported to cause infection in vertebrates. The fungal kingdom contains 167 orders, of which 40 (24%) were repeatedly cited in the medical literature. Recurrence indicates that these species have a certain predisposition to cause infection. In the present chapter, the different categories of pathogens and outbreak fungi are presented and discussed. Most emerging fungi concern infections that are non-transmissible; their frequency may show moderate increase due to changes of host conditions. Outbreaks may concern multiple infections from a common environmental source, known as sapronoses. G. S. de Hoog (*) Center of Expertise in Mycology RadboudUMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: [e-mail] S. A. Ahmed Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: [e-mail] P. Danesi Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy e-mail: [e-mail] J. Guillot Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France Dynamyc Research Group, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France e-mail: [e-mail] Y. Gräser Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsmedizin Berlin – Charité, Berlin, Germany e-mail: [e-mail] # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 S. Seyedmousavi et al. (eds.), Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72093-7_1 3 When their life cycle has an invasive phase with adaptations to reside inside host tissue, the fungi are referred to as environmental pathogens. Host-to-host transmission occurs in zoophilic pathogens, which have no environmental phase. This kind of fungi is responsible for mycoses which may occur with changes in host factors and when naive host populations are exposed to novel fungal genotypes. The most dramatic transmissible mycoses are expected with a combination of host and fungal changes. Successful outbreak fungi are recognizable by low genetic diversity. 1.1 Opportunistic and Pathogenic Fungi The animal body can be regarded as an extreme environment for fungal growth; only a small fraction of the species known in the fungal kingdom is able to cause infection. When a fungus occupies an environmental niche but is able to survive in animal host tissue—because some of the factors needed in its environmental niche coincidentally enhance survival in the host—the infection is referred to as opportunistic. However, the infection is non-transmissible and the etiologic agent will finally die with the animal host at the end of its life span (Fig. 1.1). Infection is thus